K-Paths: Reasoning over Graph Paths for Drug Repurposing and Drug Interaction Prediction
Paper β’ 2502.13344 β’ Published
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DB06267 | DB00227 | 344 | 267 | Udenafil | Lovastatin | Udenafil is a new phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction (ED). It has been approved in South Korea and will be marketed under the brand name Zydena. It is not yet approved for use in the U.S., E.U., or Canada. | Lovastatin, also known as the brand name product Mevacor, is a lipid-lowering drug and fungal metabolite derived synthetically from a fermentation product of _Aspergillus terreus_. Originally named Mevinolin, lovastatin belongs to the statin class of medications, which are used to lower the risk of cardiovascular disea... | The metabolism of Lovastatin can be decreased when combined with Udenafil. | 46 | [
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Udenafil can increase the metabolism of Rifampicin and Rifampicin can increase the metabolism of Lovastatin
Udenafil may decrease the serum concentration of Bosentan and Bosentan can increase the metabolism of Lovastatin
Udenafi... |
DB00869 | DB12332 | 144 | 381 | Dorzolamide | Rucaparib | Dorzolamide is a non-bacteriostatic sulfonamide derivative and topical carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor that treats elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) associated with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. It works by blocking an enzyme in the ciliary process that regulates ion balance and fluid pressure in the... | Rucaparib is an anticancer drug and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor. PARP is an enzyme that plays an essential role in DNA repair. Rucaparib is proposed to work in several PARP-dependent and PARP-independent mechanisms of action; however, it causes a unique effect of synthetic lethality. By targeting the ... | The metabolism of Rucaparib can be decreased when combined with Dorzolamide. | 46 | [
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Dorzolamide may increase the serum concentration of Carbamazepine and Carbamazepine can increase the metabolism of Rucaparib
Dorzolamide may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Primido... |
DB01367 | DB06262 | 56 | 694 | Rasagiline | Droxidopa | Rasagiline is an irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase and is used as a monotherapy in early Parkinson's disease or as an adjunct therapy in more advanced cases. | Droxidopa is a precursor of noradrenaline that is used in the treatment of Parkinsonism. It is approved for use in Japan and is currently in trials in the U.S. The racaemic form (dl-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine) has also been used, and has been investigated in the treatment of orthostatic hypotension. There is a def... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Rasagiline is combined with Droxidopa. | 48 | [
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[
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Rasagiline may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Levodopa and Levodopa (Compound) resembles Droxidopa (Compound)
Rasagiline may increase the hypertensive effects of ... |
DB00838 | DB06717 | 134 | 1,106 | Clocortolone | Fosaprepitant | Clocortolone is a medium potency corticosteroid that is often used as a topical cream for the relief of inflammatory oand pruritic (itching) arising from steroid-responsive dermatoses of the scalp. | Fosaprepitant is an intravenously administered antiemetic drug. It is a prodrug of Aprepitant. It aids in the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy treatment. | The serum concentration of Fosaprepitant can be increased when it is combined with Clocortolone. | 72 | [
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Clocortolone may decrease the serum concentration of Enzalutamide and Enzalutamide may increase the serum concentration of Fosaprepitant
Clocortolone (Compound) resembles Flumethasone (Compound) and ... |
DB01092 | DB01182 | 1,348 | 1,318 | Ouabain | Propafenone | A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like digitalis. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-exchanging ATPase. | An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity. The drug is generally well tolerated. | The serum concentration of Propafenone can be increased when it is combined with Ouabain. | 72 | [
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"... | Ouabain may increase the bradycardic activities of Carvedilol and Carvedilol may increase the serum concentration of Propafenone
Ouabain may increase the bradycardic activities of Bevantolol and Bevantolol (Compound) resembles Propafenone (Compound)
Ouabain may increase the bradycardic activities of Esmolol and Esmolol... |
DB01175 | DB09048 | 324 | 476 | Escitalopram | Netupitant | Escitalopram is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) and the S-enantiomer of racemic [citalopram]. It is used to restore serotonergic function in the treatment of depression and anxiety.[L8513,L8516,L8522] Escitalopram is approximately 150 times more potent than citalopramβs R-enantiomer and is responsible ... | Netupitant is an antiemitic drug approved by the FDA in October 2014 for use in combination with palonosetron for the prevention of acute and delayed vomiting and nausea associated with cancer chemotherapy including highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Netupitant is a neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist. The combination drug i... | The serum concentration of Netupitant can be increased when it is combined with Escitalopram. | 72 | [
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Escitalopram may decrease the metabolism of Isoniazid and Isoniazid may decrease the metabolism of Netupitant
Escitalopram may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Tolbutamide and Tolbutamide may ... |
DB00252 | DB08930 | 142 | 1,670 | Phenytoin | Dolutegravir | Phenytoin is classified as a hydantoin derivative and despite its narrow therapeutic index, it is one of the most commonly used anticonvulsants.[A33595,A188832,A189219] Since it's introduction about 80 years ago, phenytoin has not only been established as an effective anti-epileptic, but has also been investigated for ... | Dolutegravir is an HIV-1 integrase inhibitor that blocks the strand transfer step of the integration of the viral genome into the host cell (INSTI). The effect of this drug has no homology in human host cells, which gives it excellent tolerability and minimal toxicity. Dolutegravir was developed by ViiV Healthcare and ... | The serum concentration of Dolutegravir can be decreased when it is combined with Phenytoin. | 74 | [
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"Dolutegravir... | Phenytoin (Compound) causes Headache (Side Effect) and Headache (Side Effect) is caused by Dolutegravir (Compound)
Phenytoin may increase the serum concentration of Ranolazine and Phenytoin may decrease the serum concentration of Ranolazine and Ranolazine may increase the serum concentration of Dolutegravir
Phenytoin m... |
DB00288 | DB00677 | 114 | 686 | Amcinonide | Isoflurophate | Amcinonide is a corticosteroid. | An irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor with actions similar to those of echothiophate. It is a powerful miotic used mainly in the treatment of glaucoma. Its vapor is highly toxic and it is recommended that only solutions in arachis oil be used therapeutically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p1330... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Amcinonide is combined with Isoflurophate. | 48 | [
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Amcinonide (Compound) resembles Flunisolide (Compound) and Flunisolide may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Isoflurophate
Amcinonide (Compound) resembles Fludrocorti... |
DB00850 | DB00177 | 525 | 239 | Perphenazine | Valsartan | An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of chlorpromazine. | Valsartan belongs to the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) family of drugs, which also includes [telmisartan], [candesartan], [losartan], [olmesartan], and [irbesartan]. ARBs selectively bind to angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1) and prevent the protein angiotensin II from binding and exerting its hypertensive effects, w... | The metabolism of Valsartan can be decreased when combined with Perphenazine. | 46 | [
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[... | Perphenazine may decrease the metabolism of Losartan and Losartan (Compound) resembles Valsartan (Compound)
Perphenazine (Compound) binds CYP2C9 (Gene) and CYP2C9 (Gene) is bound by Valsartan (Compound)
Perphenazine (Compound) upregulates MCOLN1 (Gene) and MCOLN1 (Gene) is upregulated by Valsartan (Compound)
Perphenazi... |
DB00273 | DB09071 | 1,108 | 1,013 | Topiramate | Tasimelteon | Topiramate is a anti-epileptic drug used to manage seizures and prevent migraines. It was initially approved by the FDA in 1996. In 2004, topiramate was approved for the prevention of migraine in adults.[A188309,L10544,L43478] Since 2012, the extended-release formulation has been approved in combination with [phentermi... | Tasimelteon is a selective dual melatonin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder (N24HSWD). Occurring commonly in blind individuals without light perception, this condition is often characterized by periods of night-time insomnia and day-time sleepiness. In blind individuals, a ... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Topiramate is combined with Tasimelteon. | 48 | [
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Topiramate may increase the central nervous system depressant activities of Paraldehyde and Paraldehyde may increase the central nervous system depressant activities of Tasimelteon
Topirama... |
DB01340 | DB09216 | 550 | 449 | Cilazapril | Tolfenamic acid | Cilazapril is an ACE inhibtor class drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. It belongs to the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) class of drugs. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat. It is branded as Inhibace in Canada and o... | Tolfenamic acid, with the formula N-(2-methyl-3-chlorphenyl)-anthranilic acid, is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. It was discovered by scientists at Medica Pharmaceutical Company in Finland. It is used in the UK as a treatment for migraine under the name of Clotam. In the US, it presents a Status class I by the... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Cilazapril is combined with Tolfenamic acid. | 48 | [
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Cilazapril may increase the serum concentration of Edoxaban and Edoxaban may increase the anticoagulant activities of Tolfenamic acid
Cilazapril may increase the severity of adverse effects when ... |
DB01224 | DB01165 | 955 | 1,210 | Quetiapine | Ofloxacin | Initially approved by the FDA in 1997, quetiapine is a second-generation atypical antipsychotic used in schizophrenia, major depression, and bipolar disorder. Quetiapine demonstrates a high level of therapeutic efficacy and low risk of adverse effects during long-term treatment. It is well-tolerated and a suitable opti... | A synthetic fluoroquinolone (fluoroquinolones) antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. | Quetiapine may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Ofloxacin. | 19 | [
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"Phosphatase alkaline increased",
"{u} (Side Effect) ... | Quetiapine (Compound) causes Phosphatase alkaline increased (Side Effect) and Phosphatase alkaline increased (Side Effect) is caused by Ofloxacin (Compound)
Quetiapine may increase the serum concentration of Dasatinib and Dasatinib may increase the QTc prolonging activities of Ofloxacin
Quetiapine may increase the QTc ... |
DB00264 | DB00821 | 576 | 11 | Metoprolol | Carprofen | Metoprolol is a selective beta-1 blocker commonly employed as the succinate and tartrate derivatives depending if the formulation is designed to be of immediate release or extended release.[A175159, L5530] The possibility of the generation of these formulations comes from the lower systemic bioavailability of the succi... | Carprofen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that is used by veterinarians as a supportive treatment for the relief of arthritic symptoms in geriatric dogs. Carprofen was previously used in human medicine for over 10 years (1985-1995). It was generally well tolerated, with the majority of adverse effects... | Metoprolol may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Carprofen. | 36 | [
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Metoprolol may increase the serum concentration of Edoxaban and Edoxaban may increase the anticoagulant activities of Carprofen
Metoprolol may increase the sever... |
DB01466 | DB01501 | 493 | 918 | Ethylmorphine | Difenoxin | A narcotic analgesic and antitussive. It is metabolized in the liver by ethylmorphine-N-demethylase and used as an indicator of liver function. It is not marketed in the US but is approved for use in various countries around the world. In the US it is a schedule II drug (single-entity) and schedule III drug (in combina... | Difenoxin is a 4-phenylpiperidine which is closely related to the opioid analgesic meperidine. Difenoxin alone is a USA Schedule I controlled drug, as it may be habit forming. However, it is listed as a Schedule IV controlled drug if combined with atropine, which is added to decrease deliberate misuse. Motofen(R) is a ... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Ethylmorphine is combined with Difenoxin. | 48 | [
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Ethylmorphine may decrease the metabolism of Clotrimazole and Clotrimazole (Compound) resembles Difenoxin (Compound)
Ethylmorphine may i... |
DB00264 | DB00393 | 576 | 503 | Metoprolol | Nimodipine | Metoprolol is a selective beta-1 blocker commonly employed as the succinate and tartrate derivatives depending if the formulation is designed to be of immediate release or extended release.[A175159, L5530] The possibility of the generation of these formulations comes from the lower systemic bioavailability of the succi... | Nimodipine is a 1,4-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It acts primarily on vascular smooth muscle cells by stabilizing voltage-gated L-type calcium channels in their inactive conformation. By inhibiting the influx of calcium in smooth muscle cells, nimodipine prevents calcium-dependent smooth muscle contraction ... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Metoprolol is combined with Nimodipine. | 48 | [
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Metoprolol may increase the hypotensive activities of Lercanidipine and Lercanidipine (Compound) resembles Nimodipine (Compound)
Metoprolol may increase the serum concentration... |
DB01081 | DB00750 | 942 | 917 | Diphenoxylate | Prilocaine | A meperidine congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with atropine. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity. This medication is classified as a Schedule V under the Controlled Subst... | A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to lidocaine. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p165) | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Diphenoxylate is combined with Prilocaine. | 48 | [
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[
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[
[
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"{u} may increase the analgesic activities of {v}",
"Diethylpropion"
],
[
"Diethylpropion",
"{u} (Compound) r... | Diphenoxylate may increase the analgesic activities of Diethylpropion and Diethylpropion (Compound) resembles Prilocaine (Compound)
Diphenoxylate can increase the therapeutic efficacy of Pregabalin and Pregabalin can increase the therapeutic efficacy of Prilocaine
Diphenoxylate may increase the central nervous system d... |
DB01283 | DB01397 | 349 | 808 | Lumiracoxib | Magnesium salicylate | Lumiracoxib is a COX-2 selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). On August 11, 2007, Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA, the Australian equivalent of the FDA) cancelled the registration of lumiracoxib in Australia due to concerns that it may cause liver failure. New Zealand and Canada have ... | Magnesium salicylate is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to treat mild to moderate pain. It is available in several over-the-counter (OTC) formulations. Though the recommended doseage is 1160 mg every six hours, per package directions of the Doan's OTC brand (580 mg magnesium salicylate tetrahydrate,... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Lumiracoxib is combined with Magnesium salicylate. | 48 | [
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[
[
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"Nepafenac"
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[
"Nepafenac",
... | Lumiracoxib may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Nepafenac and Nepafenac (Compound) resembles Magnesium salicylate (Compound)
Lumiracoxib (Compound) binds PTGS2 (Gene) and PTGS2 (Gene) is bound by Magnesium salicylate (Compound)
Lumiracoxib may increase the anticoagulant activities of Dabigat... |
DB06148 | DB01200 | 16 | 247 | Mianserin | Bromocriptine | A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. Mianserin was previously available internationally, however in most markets it has been phased out in favour of [mirtazapine]. | Bromocriptine mesylate is a semisynthetic ergot alkaloid derivative with potent dopaminergic activity. It inhibits prolactin secretion and may be used to treat dysfunctions associated with hyperprolactinemia. Bromocriptine is also indicated for the management of signs and symptoms of Parkinsonian Syndrome, as well as t... | The therapeutic efficacy of Bromocriptine can be decreased when used in combination with Mianserin. | 69 | [
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[
150,
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[
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[
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[
... | Mianserin (Compound) binds HTR7 (Gene) and HTR7 (Gene) is bound by Bromocriptine (Compound)
Mianserin (Compound) causes Dermatitis (Side Effect) and Dermatitis (Side Effect) is caused by Bromocriptine (Compound)
Mianserin may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of Fosphenytoin and Fosphenytoin can increase the metabolism... |
DB00177 | DB00500 | 239 | 833 | Valsartan | Tolmetin | Valsartan belongs to the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) family of drugs, which also includes [telmisartan], [candesartan], [losartan], [olmesartan], and [irbesartan]. ARBs selectively bind to angiotensin receptor 1 (AT1) and prevent the protein angiotensin II from binding and exerting its hypertensive effects, w... | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (anti-inflammatory agents, NON-steroidal) similar in mode of action to indomethacin. | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Valsartan is combined with Tolmetin. | 48 | [
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[
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[
[
"Valsartan",
"{u} may decrease the metabolism of {v}",
"Zolpidem"
],
[
"Zolpidem",
"{u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound)",
... | Valsartan may decrease the metabolism of Zolpidem and Zolpidem (Compound) resembles Tolmetin (Compound)
Valsartan may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Tolcapone and Tolcapone (Compound) resembles Tolmetin (Compound)
Valsartan may decrease the metabolism of Suprofen and Suprofen may increase t... |
DB09079 | DB13874 | 1,231 | 323 | Nintedanib | Enasidenib | Nintedanib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).[L8453,L8459] It was first approved for use in the United States in 2014. Within the spectrum of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis trea... | Enasidenib is an orally available treatment for the treatment of adult patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with specific mutations in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2) gene, which is a recurrent mutation detected in 12-20% of adult patients with AML [A20344, A20345]. Patients eligible ... | The serum concentration of Enasidenib can be increased when it is combined with Nintedanib. | 72 | [
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[
376,
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[
[
"Nintedanib",
"{u} may decrease the serum concentration of {v}",
"Rifampicin"
],
[
"Rifampicin",
"{u} can increase the metabolism of {v}",
"Enaside... | Nintedanib may decrease the serum concentration of Rifampicin and Rifampicin can increase the metabolism of Enasidenib
Nintedanib may increase the serum concentration of Quinidine and Quinidine may decrease the metabolism of Enasidenib
Nintedanib may increase the serum concentration of Ergometrine and Ergometrine may i... |
DB00937 | DB00985 | 1,334 | 976 | Diethylpropion | Dimenhydrinate | A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290) | Dimehydrinate was first described in the literature in 1949, and patented in 1950. Early research into dimenhydrinate focused on its role as an antihistamine for urticaria; the treatment of motion sickness was an accidental discovery. Dimenhydrinate, also known as B-dimethylaminoethyl benzohydrol ether 8-chlorotheophyl... | Diethylpropion may decrease the sedative activities of Dimenhydrinate. | 75 | [
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[
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28463
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[
28463,
... | [
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"Dimenhydrinate"
]
],
[
[
"Diethylpropion",
"{u} may decrease the sedative activities of {v}",
"Benzatropine"
],
[
"Benzatropine",
"{u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound)... | Diethylpropion may decrease the sedative activities of Benzatropine and Benzatropine (Compound) resembles Dimenhydrinate (Compound)
Diethylpropion may decrease the sedative activities of Cyclizine and Cyclizine may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Dimenhydrinate
Diethylpropion (Compound) caus... |
DB00228 | DB00807 | 1,004 | 926 | Enflurane | Proparacaine | Enflurane is a halogenated inhalational anesthetic initially approved by the FDA in 1972. Since this date, it has been withdrawn from the US market.[L13646,L13649] Unlike its other inhalational anesthetic counterparts including [isoflurane] and [halothane], enflurane is known to induce seizure activity. In addition, it... | Proparacaine is a topical anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is found in ophthalmic solutions at a concentration of 0.5% as the hydrochloride salt. | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Enflurane is combined with Proparacaine. | 48 | [
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[
[
1004,
38,
405
],
[
405,
... | [
[
[
"Enflurane",
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"Proparacaine"
]
],
[
[
"Enflurane",
"{u} can increase the therapeutic efficacy of {v}",
"Pregabalin"
],
[
"Pregabalin",
"{u} can increase the therapeut... | Enflurane can increase the therapeutic efficacy of Pregabalin and Pregabalin can increase the therapeutic efficacy of Proparacaine
Enflurane may increase the central nervous system depressant activities of Mirtazapine and Mirtazapine may increase the central nervous system depressant activities of Proparacaine
Enfluran... |
DB09279 | DB08941 | 1,363 | 733 | Fimasartan | Isoxsuprine | Fimasartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) drug employed in the treatment of both hypertension and heart failure. It has been found to be safe when administered with hydrochlorothiazide (a diuretic) in clinical trials. Fimasartan was initially approved September 9th, 2010 in South Korea and is marketed u... | A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor. | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fimasartan is combined with Isoxsuprine. | 48 | [
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[
[
1363,
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],
[
828,
... | [
[
[
"Fimasartan",
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"Isoxsuprine"
]
],
[
[
"Fimasartan",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Phenoxybenzamine"
],
[
"Phenoxybenzamine",
... | Fimasartan may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Phenoxybenzamine and Phenoxybenzamine may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Isoxsuprine
Fimasartan may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Fenoprofen and Fenoprofen (Compound) resembles Isoxsupri... |
DB01567 | DB09017 | 1,270 | 930 | Fludiazepam | Brotizolam | Fludiazepam is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. It is a scheduled drug in the U.S., but is approved for use in Japan. | Brotizolam is a sedative-hypnotic thienodiazepine drug which is a benzodiazepine analog. It demonstrates anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant effects. Brotizolam has similar effects to short-acting benzodiazepines such as triazolam. Brotizolam is indicated for 2-4 weeks of treatme... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fludiazepam is combined with Brotizolam. | 48 | [
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[
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1270,
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],
[
674,
... | [
[
[
"Fludiazepam",
"{u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound) and {u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Brotizolam"
]
],
[
[
"Fludiazepam",
"{u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound)",
"Midazolam"
],
[
"Midazolam",
... | Fludiazepam (Compound) resembles Brotizolam (Compound) and
Fludiazepam (Compound) resembles Midazolam (Compound) and Midazolam (Compound) resembles Brotizolam (Compound)
Fludiazepam (Compound) resembles Delorazepam (Compound) and Delorazepam (Compound) resembles Brotizolam (Compound)
Fludiazepam may decrease the therap... |
DB01395 | DB00500 | 1,117 | 833 | Drospirenone | Tolmetin | Drospirenone is a synthetic progestin commonly found in the popular oral contraceptive, Yaz in combination with [Ethinyl estradiol]. Most recently, it was approved by both Health Canada and the FDA in combination with [Estetrol] as an oral contraceptive therapy.[L33199,L33174] Aside from its contraceptive effects, dros... | A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (anti-inflammatory agents, NON-steroidal) similar in mode of action to indomethacin. | Drospirenone may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Tolmetin. | 67 | [
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[
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[
28549... | [
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],
[
[
"Drospirenone",
"{u} may increase the hyperkalemic activities of {v}",
"Suprofen"
],
[
"Suprofen",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects ... | Drospirenone may increase the hyperkalemic activities of Suprofen and Suprofen may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Tolmetin
Drospirenone (Compound) binds PTGS2 (Gene) and PTGS2 (Gene) is bound by Tolmetin (Compound)
Drospirenone (Compound) causes Nausea (Side Effect) and Nausea (Side Effect)... |
DB00346 | DB00221 | 278 | 727 | Alfuzosin | Isoetharine | Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) refers to a benign growth or hyperplasia of the prostate and leads to lower urinary tract symptoms in men, such as urgency, frequency and changes to urine flow. The prevalence of BPH is as high as 50%-60% for males in their 60's, and this prevalence increases to 80%-90% of those over ... | Isoetharine is a relatively selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist. It is a catechol-like agent. Isoetharine is a fast-acting bronchodilator used for emphysema, bronchitis and asthma. | Alfuzosin may decrease the vasoconstricting activities of Isoetharine. | 4 | [
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[
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278,
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710
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[
710,
155,
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[
[
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],
[
[
"Alfuzosin",
"{u} may increase the hypotensive activities of {v}",
"Methyldopa"
],
[
"Methyldopa",
"{u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound)",
... | Alfuzosin may increase the hypotensive activities of Methyldopa and Methyldopa (Compound) resembles Isoetharine (Compound)
Alfuzosin may decrease the vasoconstricting activities of Salbutamol and Salbutamol (Compound) resembles Isoetharine (Compound)
Alfuzosin may decrease the vasoconstricting activities of Procaterol ... |
DB00755 | DB08873 | 172 | 1,113 | Tretinoin | Boceprevir | Tretinoin, also known as all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), is a naturally occurring derivative of [vitamin A] (retinol). It is an oxidation product in the physiological pathway of vitamin A metabolism. In human circulation, tretinoin is normally found at very low concentrations, approximately 4 to 14 nmol/L. Tretinoin ex... | Boceprevir is a direct acting antiviral medication used as part of combination therapy to treat chronic Hepatitis C, an infectious liver disease caused by infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus that is categorized into nine distinct genotypes, with genotype 1 being the most common in... | The metabolism of Boceprevir can be decreased when combined with Tretinoin. | 46 | [
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[
28503... | [
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[
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"Tretinoin",
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"CYP3A4"
],
[
"CYP3A4",
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"Boceprevir"
]
],
[
[
"Tre... | Tretinoin (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Boceprevir (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) upregulates CTSL (Gene) and CTSL (Gene) is bound by Boceprevir (Compound)
Tretinoin (Compound) causes Hypercalcaemia (Side Effect) and Hypercalcaemia (Side Effect) is caused by Boceprevir (Compound)
Tretino... |
DB09183 | DB09073 | 661 | 1,394 | Dasabuvir | Palbociclib | Dasabuvir is a direct acting antiviral medication used as part of combination therapy to treat chronic Hepatitis C, an infectious liver disease caused by infection with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). HCV is a single-stranded RNA virus that is categorized into nine distinct genotypes, with genotype 1 being the most common in ... | Palbociclib is a piperazine pyridopyrimidine that acts in the cell cycle machinery. It is a second generation cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor selected from a group of pyridopyrimidine compounds due to its favorable physical and pharmaceutical properties. Palbociclib was developed by Pfizer Inc after the discovery tha... | The serum concentration of Palbociclib can be increased when it is combined with Dasabuvir. | 72 | [
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[
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661,
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[
1269,
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[
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[
[
"Dasabuvir",
"{u} may decrease the metabolism of {v}",
"Atomoxetine"
],
[
"Atomoxetine",
"{u} may decrease the metabolism of {v}",
"Palbociclib"
... | Dasabuvir may decrease the metabolism of Atomoxetine and Atomoxetine may decrease the metabolism of Palbociclib
Dasabuvir may decrease the metabolism of Clomipramine and Clomipramine may increase the serum concentration of Palbociclib
Dasabuvir may increase the serum concentration of Stiripentol and Stiripentol may inc... |
DB00327 | DB00768 | 260 | 478 | Hydromorphone | Olopatadine | Hydromorphone is a pure opioid, a semi-synthetic hydrogenated ketone derivative of [morphine] that has been available clinically since 1920. Structurally, hydromorphone derived from [morphine] in the modification of the hydroxyl group in the carbon 6 to a carbonyl and the absence of a double bond between the carbon 7 a... | Olopatadine is a selective histamine H1 antagonist and mast cell stabilizer that works by attenuating inflammatory and allergic reactions. It is a structural analog of [doxepin], which has a minimal anti-allergic activity. Olopatadine works by blocking the effects of histamine, which is a primary inflammatory mediator ... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Hydromorphone is combined with Olopatadine. | 48 | [
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486,
225,
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[
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260,
69,
499
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[
499,
225... | [
[
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]
],
[
[
"Hydromorphone",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Thiothixene"
],
[
"Thiothixene",
... | Hydromorphone may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Thiothixene and Thiothixene (Compound) resembles Olopatadine (Compound)
Hydromorphone may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Doxepin and Doxepin may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Olopatad... |
DB01175 | DB01238 | 324 | 932 | Escitalopram | Aripiprazole | Escitalopram is a selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor (SSRI) and the S-enantiomer of racemic [citalopram]. It is used to restore serotonergic function in the treatment of depression and anxiety.[L8513,L8516,L8522] Escitalopram is approximately 150 times more potent than citalopramβs R-enantiomer and is responsible ... | Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic orally indicated for the treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar I, major depressive disorder, irritability associated with autism, and Tourette's. It is also indicated as an injection for agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar mania. Aripiprazole exerts its effects thr... | Escitalopram may increase the QTc-prolonging activities of Aripiprazole. | 19 | [
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[
[
324,
225,
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],
[
270,
... | [
[
[
"Escitalopram",
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],
[
[
"Escitalopram",
"{u} may decrease the metabolism of {v}",
"Nefazodone"
],
[
"Nefazodone",
"{u} may increase the serum concentration of {v}",
... | Escitalopram may decrease the metabolism of Nefazodone and Nefazodone may increase the serum concentration of Aripiprazole
Escitalopram may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Vilazodone and Vilazodone may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Aripiprazole
Escitalopram may ... |
DB06711 | DB00321 | 697 | 262 | Naphazoline | Amitriptyline | Naphazoline is a rapid acting imidazoline sympathomimetic vasoconstrictor of ocular or nasal artierioles[L5804,L5807]. It acts to decrease congestion and is found in many over the counter (OTC) eye drops and nasal preparations[L5804,L5807]. Naphazoline was first developed in 1942 as a nasal formulation for congestion. | Amitriptyline is a tricyclic antidepressant that has been used to treat depression for decades. ELAVIL, a previously approved branded product of amitriptyline, was first approved by the FDA in 1961. Amitriptyline has been investigated in the treatment of pain-related conditions, attributed to its analgesic properties. | Naphazoline may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Amitriptyline. | 36 | [
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[
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697,
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29279
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29279,
... | [
[
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"Amitriptyline"
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],
[
[
"Naphazoline",
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[
"Mianserin",
"{u} (Compound) resembles {v} (Compound)",
... | Naphazoline may decrease the therapeutic efficacy of Mianserin and Mianserin (Compound) resembles Amitriptyline (Compound)
Naphazoline (Compound) binds ADRA2A (Gene) and ADRA2A (Gene) is bound by Amitriptyline (Compound)
Naphazoline (Compound) causes Intraocular pressure increased (Side Effect) and Intraocular pressure... |
DB01440 | DB01545 | 974 | 948 | gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid | Ethyl loflazepate | Gamma hydroxybutyric acid, commonly abbreviated GHB, is a therapeutic drug which is illegal in multiple countries. It is currently regulated in the US and sold by Jazz Pharmaceuticals under the name Xyrem. However, it is important to note that GHB is a designated Orphan drug (in 1985). Today Xyrem is a Schedule III dru... | null | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid is combined with Ethyl loflazepate. | 48 | [
[
[
974,
71,
948
]
],
[
[
974,
225,
407
],
[
407,
71,
948
]
],
[
[
974,
71,
972
],
[
972,
155,
948
]
],
[
[
974,
71,
259
],
[
259,
7... | [
[
[
"gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Ethyl loflazepate"
]
],
[
[
"gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Diazepam"
],
[... | gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Diazepam and Diazepam may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Ethyl loflazepate
gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Halazepam and Halazepam (Compound) r... |
DB00397 | DB01324 | 712 | 1,066 | Phenylpropanolamine | Polythiazide | Phenylpropanolamine is a sympathomimetic agent that acts as a nonselective adrenergic receptor agonist and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. It has been used as a decongestant and appetite suppressant. Currently, it is withdrawn from the market in Canada and the United States due to the risk for hemorrahgic strokes. | A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p826) | Phenylpropanolamine may increase the hypokalemic activities of Polythiazide. | 82 | [
[
[
712,
105,
1066
]
],
[
[
712,
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1325
],
[
1325,
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712,
105,
1049
],
[
1049,
82,
1066
]
],
[
[
712,
105,
1045
],
[
104... | [
[
[
"Phenylpropanolamine",
"{u} may increase the hypokalemic activities of {v}",
"Polythiazide"
]
],
[
[
"Phenylpropanolamine",
"{u} may increase the hypokalemic activities of {v}",
"Quinethazone"
],
[
"Quinethazone",
"{u} (Compound) resembles ... | Phenylpropanolamine may increase the hypokalemic activities of Quinethazone and Quinethazone (Compound) resembles Polythiazide (Compound)
Phenylpropanolamine may increase the hypokalemic activities of Bendroflumethiazide and Bendroflumethiazide may increase the hypotensive activities of Polythiazide
Phenylpropanolamine... |
DB00486 | DB00700 | 1,265 | 462 | Nabilone | Eplerenone | Nabilone (marketed as Cesamet) is a synthetic form of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (ΞβΉ-THC), the primary psychoactive component of cannabis (marijuana). Although structurally distinct from THC, nabilone mimics THC's structure and pharmacological activity through weak partial agonist activity at Cannabinoid-1 (CB1R) and... | Eplerenone, an aldosterone receptor antagonist similar to spironolactone, has been shown to produce sustained increases in plasma renin and serum aldosterone, consistent with inhibition of the negative regulatory feedback of aldosterone on renin secretion. The resulting increased plasma renin activity and aldosterone c... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nabilone is combined with Eplerenone. | 48 | [
[
[
1265,
71,
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]
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[
[
1265,
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],
[
28510,
175,
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]
],
[
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1265,
192,
161
],
[
161,
26,
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]
],
[
[
1265,
192,
968
],
[
968... | [
[
[
"Nabilone",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Eplerenone"
]
],
[
[
"Nabilone",
"{u} (Compound) causes {v} (Side Effect)",
"Syncope"
],
[
"Syncope",
"{u} (Side Effect) is caused by {v} (Compound)",
... | Nabilone (Compound) causes Syncope (Side Effect) and Syncope (Side Effect) is caused by Eplerenone (Compound)
Nabilone may increase the central nervous system depressant activities of Primidone and Primidone can increase the metabolism of Eplerenone
Nabilone may increase the central nervous system depressant activities... |
DB09279 | DB09038 | 1,363 | 953 | Fimasartan | Empagliflozin | Fimasartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB) drug employed in the treatment of both hypertension and heart failure. It has been found to be safe when administered with hydrochlorothiazide (a diuretic) in clinical trials. Fimasartan was initially approved September 9th, 2010 in South Korea and is marketed u... | Empagliflozin is an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2), the transporters primarily responsible for the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney. It is used clinically as an adjunct to diet and exercise, often in combination with other drug therapies,[L13673,L13679,L11479] for the management of type 2 dia... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Fimasartan is combined with Empagliflozin. | 48 | [
[
[
1363,
71,
953
]
],
[
[
1363,
71,
63
],
[
63,
185,
953
]
],
[
[
1363,
52,
968
],
[
968,
206,
953
]
],
[
[
1363,
225,
1353
],
[
1353,
... | [
[
[
"Fimasartan",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Empagliflozin"
]
],
[
[
"Fimasartan",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Tranylcypromine"
],
[
"Tranylcypromine",
... | Fimasartan may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Tranylcypromine and Tranylcypromine may increase the hypoglycemic activities of Empagliflozin
Fimasartan may increase the orthostatic hypotensive activities of Levodopa and Levodopa may increase the orthostatic hypotensive activities of Empaglif... |
DB09295 | DB00744 | 1,442 | 487 | Talniflumate | Zileuton | Talniflumate, is an anti-inflammatory molecule studied and used as a mucin regulator in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. In addition, it is used in inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. Phase I trials with talniflumate for the treatment of cystic... | Leukotrienes are substances that induce numerous biological effects including augmentation of neutrophil and eosinophil migration, neutrophil and monocyte aggregation, leukocyte adhesion, increased capillary permeability, and smooth muscle contraction. These effects contribute to inflammation, edema, mucus secretion, a... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Talniflumate is combined with Zileuton. | 48 | [
[
[
1442,
71,
487
]
],
[
[
1442,
71,
4
],
[
4,
225,
487
]
],
[
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1442,
71,
687
],
[
687,
28,
487
]
],
[
[
1442,
71,
582
],
[
582,
22... | [
[
[
"Talniflumate",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Zileuton"
]
],
[
[
"Talniflumate",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Tiaprofenic acid"
],
[
"Tiaprofenic acid",
... | Talniflumate may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Tiaprofenic acid and Tiaprofenic acid may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Zileuton
Talniflumate may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Nafamostat and Nafamostat may increase the anticoagulan... |
DB01086 | DB09166 | 945 | 480 | Benzocaine | Etizolam | Benzocaine is an ester local anesthetic that acts by preventing transmission of impulses along nerve fibers and at nerve endings. It is commonly used for local anesthesia in many over the counter products.[L32454,L32459,L32464] Benzocaine was first used for local anesthesia in dentistry. | Etizolam is a thienodiazepine which is chemically related to benzodiazepine (BDZ) drug class; it differs from BDZs in having a benzene ring replaced with a thiophene ring. It is an agonist at GABA-A receptors and possesses amnesic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties. ... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Benzocaine is combined with Etizolam. | 48 | [
[
[
945,
71,
480
]
],
[
[
945,
225,
156
],
[
156,
26,
480
]
],
[
[
945,
38,
405
],
[
405,
192,
480
]
],
[
[
945,
192,
1083
],
[
1083,
... | [
[
[
"Benzocaine",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Etizolam"
]
],
[
[
"Benzocaine",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Carbamazepine"
],
[
"Carbamazepine",
"{u}... | Benzocaine may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Carbamazepine and Carbamazepine can increase the metabolism of Etizolam
Benzocaine may increase the central nervous system depressant activities of Magnesium sulfate and Magnesium sulfate may increase the central nervous system depressant activi... |
DB00461 | DB00180 | 804 | 125 | Nabumetone | Flunisolide | Nabumetone was originally developed as a non-acidic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).[label] It was thought to avoid trapping of the drug in the stomach by making it unable to dissociate into ions which was believed to reduce GI toxicity by limiting local action. While slightly reduced, possibly due to a de... | Flunisolide (marketed as AeroBid, Nasalide, Nasarel) is a corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory actions. It is often prescribed as treatment for allergic rhinitis and its principle mechanism of action involves activation of glucocorticoid receptors. | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Nabumetone is combined with Flunisolide. | 48 | [
[
[
804,
71,
125
]
],
[
[
804,
71,
134
],
[
134,
1,
125
]
],
[
[
804,
71,
105
],
[
105,
155,
125
]
],
[
[
804,
21,
28528
],
[
28528,
... | [
[
[
"Nabumetone",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Flunisolide"
]
],
[
[
"Nabumetone",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Clocortolone"
],
[
"Clocortolone",
"{u... | Nabumetone may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Clocortolone and Clocortolone (Compound) resembles Flunisolide (Compound)
Nabumetone may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Flumethasone and Flumethasone (Compound) resembles Flunisolide (Compound)
Nabumetone (Compound) ... |
DB00169 | DB00343 | 414 | 461 | Cholecalciferol | Diltiazem | Vitamin D, in general, is a secosteroid generated in the skin when 7-dehydrocholesterol located there interacts with ultraviolet irradiation - like that commonly found in sunlight. Both the endogenous form of vitamin D (that results from 7-dehydrocholesterol transformation), vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), and the plant-... | Diltiazem is a benzothiazepine derivative with antihypertensive and vasodilating properties. Approved in 1982 by the FDA, it is a member of the non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers drug class. It works through various mechanisms of action, but it primarily works by inhibiting the calcium influx into cardiac and... | The metabolism of Diltiazem can be decreased when combined with Cholecalciferol. | 46 | [
[
[
414,
69,
461
]
],
[
[
414,
6,
4590
],
[
4590,
160,
461
]
],
[
[
414,
180,
164
],
[
164,
26,
461
]
],
[
[
414,
69,
1091
],
[
1091,
... | [
[
[
"Cholecalciferol",
"{u} may decrease the metabolism of {v}",
"Diltiazem"
]
],
[
[
"Cholecalciferol",
"{u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene)",
"CYP3A4"
],
[
"CYP3A4",
"{u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound)",
"Diltiazem"
]
],
[
[
... | Cholecalciferol (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Diltiazem (Compound)
Cholecalciferol can increase the metabolism of Phenobarbital and Phenobarbital can increase the metabolism of Diltiazem
Cholecalciferol may decrease the metabolism of Dronedarone and Dronedarone may increase the atrioventr... |
DB00877 | DB08933 | 404 | 1,114 | Sirolimus | Luliconazole | Sirolimus, also known as rapamycin, is a macrocyclic lactone antibiotic produced by bacteria _Streptomyces hygroscopicus_, which was isolated from the soil of the Vai Atari region of Rapa Nui (Easter Island). It was first isolated and identified as an antifungal agent with potent anticandida activity; however, after it... | Luliconazole is a topical antifungal agent that acts by unknown mechanisms but is postulated to involve altering the synthesis of fungi cell membranes. It was approved by the FDA (USA) in November 2013 and is marketed under the brand name Luzu. Luliconazole is also approved in Japan. | The serum concentration of Luliconazole can be increased when it is combined with Sirolimus. | 72 | [
[
[
404,
95,
1114
]
],
[
[
404,
6,
4590
],
[
4590,
160,
1114
]
],
[
[
404,
21,
29330
],
[
29330,
175,
1114
]
],
[
[
404,
225,
1303
],
[
13... | [
[
[
"Sirolimus",
"{u} may increase the serum concentration of {v}",
"Luliconazole"
]
],
[
[
"Sirolimus",
"{u} (Compound) binds {v} (Gene)",
"CYP3A4"
],
[
"CYP3A4",
"{u} (Gene) is bound by {v} (Compound)",
"Luliconazole"
]
],
[
... | Sirolimus (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Luliconazole (Compound)
Sirolimus (Compound) causes Cellulitis (Side Effect) and Cellulitis (Side Effect) is caused by Luliconazole (Compound)
Sirolimus may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with Methylergometrine and Methylergo... |
DB00477 | DB00206 | 392 | 925 | Chlorpromazine | Reserpine | The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class, chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking dopamine receptors. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the tr... | An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a rese... | The risk or severity of adverse effects can be increased when Chlorpromazine is combined with Reserpine. | 48 | [
[
[
392,
71,
925
]
],
[
[
392,
223,
230
],
[
230,
213,
925
]
],
[
[
392,
6,
8339
],
[
8339,
160,
925
]
],
[
[
392,
7,
5223
],
[
5223,
... | [
[
[
"Chlorpromazine",
"{u} may increase the severity of adverse effects when combined with {v}",
"Reserpine"
]
],
[
[
"Chlorpromazine",
"{u} may decrease the metabolism of {v}",
"Yohimbine"
],
[
"Yohimbine",
"{u} may decrease the antihypertensi... | Chlorpromazine may decrease the metabolism of Yohimbine and Yohimbine may decrease the antihypertensive activities of Reserpine
Chlorpromazine (Compound) binds ABCB1 (Gene) and ABCB1 (Gene) is bound by Reserpine (Compound)
Chlorpromazine (Compound) upregulates MSMO1 (Gene) and MSMO1 (Gene) is upregulated by Reserpine (... |
DB00307 | DB00976 | 592 | 528 | Bexarotene | Telithromycin | Bexarotene (Targretin) is an antineoplastic agent indicated by the FDA for Cutaneous T cell lymphoma. It has been used off-label for lung cancer, breast cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma. | Telithromycin, a semi-synthetic erythromycin derivative, belongs to a new chemical class of antibiotics called ketolides. Ketolides have been recently added to the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin class of antibiotics. Similar to the macrolide antibiotics, telithromycin prevents bacterial growth by interfering with ... | The metabolism of Telithromycin can be decreased when combined with Bexarotene. | 46 | [
[
[
592,
69,
528
]
],
[
[
592,
69,
1088
],
[
1088,
42,
528
]
],
[
[
592,
6,
4590
],
[
4590,
160,
528
]
],
[
[
592,
21,
28714
],
[
28714,
... | [
[
[
"Bexarotene",
"{u} may decrease the metabolism of {v}",
"Telithromycin"
]
],
[
[
"Bexarotene",
"{u} may decrease the metabolism of {v}",
"Clarithromycin"
],
[
"Clarithromycin",
"{u} may increase the QTc prolonging activities of {v}",
... | Bexarotene may decrease the metabolism of Clarithromycin and Clarithromycin may increase the QTc prolonging activities of Telithromycin
Bexarotene (Compound) binds CYP3A4 (Gene) and CYP3A4 (Gene) is bound by Telithromycin (Compound)
Bexarotene (Compound) causes Insomnia (Side Effect) and Insomnia (Side Effect) is cause... |
K-Paths: Reasoning over Graph Paths for Drug Repurposing and Drug Interaction Prediction
This dataset contains drug pairs annotated with 86 pharmacological relationships (e.g.,DrugA may increase the anticholinergic activities of DrugB). Each entry includes two drugs, an interaction label, drug descriptions, and structured/natural language representations of multi-hop reasoning paths between them. The multi-hop paths were extracted from a biomedical knowledge graph (Hetionet) using K-Paths.
This dataset is useful for evaluating:
| Column | Description |
|---|---|
drug1_db, drug2_db |
DrugBank IDs |
drug1_id, drug2_id |
Node IDs in the KG |
drug1_name, drug2_name |
Names of the drugs |
drug1_desc, drug2_desc |
Drug descriptions |
label |
Natural language description of the interaction |
label_idx |
Numeric encoding of the label |
all_paths, all_paths_str, path_str |
Reasoning paths through the KG |
{
"drug1_name": "Glycopyrronium",
"drug2_name": "Cyclopentolate",
"label": "Glycopyrronium may increase the anticholinergic effect...",
"path_str": "Glycopyrronium (Compound) resembles Homatropine (Compound)..."
}
## π₯ How to Load with pandas
```python
import pandas as pd
splits = {
"train": "drugbank/train.json",
"test": "drugbank/test.json"
}
train = pd.read_json("hf://datasets/Tassy24/K-Paths-inductive-reasoning-drugbank/" + splits["train"], lines=True)
test = pd.read_json("hf://datasets/Tassy24/K-Paths-inductive-reasoning-drugbank/" + splits["test"], lines=True)
### π Citation (BibTeX)
```bibtex
@article{abdullahi2025k,
title={K-Paths: Reasoning over Graph Paths for Drug Repurposing and Drug Interaction Prediction},
author={Abdullahi, Tassallah and Gemou, Ioanna and Nayak, Nihal V and Murtaza, Ghulam and Bach, Stephen H and Eickhoff, Carsten and Singh, Ritambhara},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2502.13344},
year={2025}
}