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Activating mutations in fibroblast growth factor ( FGF ) receptor 3 and inactivating mutations in the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase both cause severe short stature , but how these two signaling systems interact to regulate bone growth is poorly understood . Here , we show that bone elongation is increased when NPR2 cannot be d...	Between birth and puberty , the bones of mammals grow drastically in length . This process is controlled by many proteins , and mutations affecting these proteins can cause bones to either be too long or too short . For example , mutations of a protein called the fibroblast growth factor receptor , or FGF for short , a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	Dephosphorylation of the NPR2 guanylyl cyclase contributes to inhibition of bone growth by fibroblast growth factor
We show that the splicing regulator PTBP2 controls a genetic program essential for neuronal maturation . Depletion of PTBP2 in developing mouse cortex leads to degeneration of these tissues over the first three postnatal weeks , a time when the normal cortex expands and develops mature circuits . Cultured Ptbp2−/− neur...	Cells within the developing brain undergo an extended period of maturation . A neuronal progenitor cell must first migrate to the proper place within the brain and then develop long extensions that become the axon and dendrites used by the mature neuron to communicate with other cells . Finally , the synapses that conn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "neuroscience" ]	2014	The splicing regulator PTBP2 controls a program of embryonic splicing required for neuronal maturation
Fitness effects of mutations depend on environmental parameters . For example , mutations that increase fitness of bacteria at high antibiotic concentration often decrease fitness in the absence of antibiotic , exemplifying a tradeoff between adaptation to environmental extremes . We develop a mathematical model for fi...	Drug resistant bacteria pose a major threat to public health systems all over the world . Darwinian evolution is at the heart of this drug resistance: a mutation that allows bacteria to divide in the presence of a drug appears initially in a single cell . This mutation makes this cell and its descendants more likely to...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2020	Predictable properties of fitness landscapes induced by adaptational tradeoffs
Given that complex behavior evolved multiple times independently in different lineages , a crucial question is whether these independent evolutionary events coincided with modifications to common neural systems . To test this question in mammals , we investigate the lateral cerebellum , a neurobiological system that is...	The brains of mammals consist of the same basic structures , but each of these structures varies from one species to the next . A given structure may be larger in one species than another , for example . It may contain different numbers or sizes of cells . It may even have different connections to other brain regions ....	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	A cerebellar substrate for cognition evolved multiple times independently in mammals
Insect neuroscience generates vast amounts of highly diverse data , of which only a small fraction are findable , accessible and reusable . To promote an open data culture , we have therefore developed the InsectBrainDatabase ( IBdb ) , a free online platform for insect neuroanatomical and functional data . The IBdb fa...	Insect neuroscience , like any field in the natural sciences , generates vast amounts of data . Currently , only a fraction are publicly available , and even less are reusable . This is because insect neuroscience data come in many formats and from many species . Some experiments focus on what insect brains look like (...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2021	A unified platform to manage, share, and archive morphological and functional data in insect neuroscience
VEGF secreted from retinal pigment epithelial ( RPE ) cells is responsible for the choroidal vascular development; however , the molecular regulatory mechanism is unclear . We found that Aldh1a1–/– mice showed choroidal hypoplasia with insufficient vascularization in the dorsal region , although Aldh1a1 , an enzyme tha...	The retina is the part at the back of our eyes that detects light and sends this information to our brain . Within the retina is a layered structure containing the light-sensitive cells , known as the neural retina , and another protective layer of cells called the retinal pigment epithelium . A surrounding network of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	Neural retina-specific Aldh1a1 controls dorsal choroidal vascular development via Sox9 expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells
While host immune receptors detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns to activate immunity , pathogens attempt to deregulate host immunity through secreted effectors . Fungi employ LysM effectors to prevent recognition of cell wall-derived chitin by host immune receptors , although the mechanism to compete for chit...	The ability to launch an immune response is not unique to animals . Plants have also evolved the ability to detect molecules present on the surface of pathogens such as fungi . These molecular signatures are known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns ( PAMPs ) , and they are detected by specialized receptors on th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2013	Fungal effector Ecp6 outcompetes host immune receptor for chitin binding through intrachain LysM dimerization
Evolutionary differences in gene regulation between humans and lower mammalian experimental systems are incompletely understood , a potential translational obstacle that is challenging to surmount in neurons , where primary tissue availability is poor . Rodent-based studies show that activity-dependent transcriptional ...	Cells in the brain known as neurons produce electrical activity that allows them to signal to other cells; this in turn allows us to think , feel , move , remember and learn . This electrical activity also causes the neurons to increase or decrease the activity of certain genes . Whether a gene is controlled by electri...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Evidence for evolutionary divergence of activity-dependent gene expression in developing neurons
Diurnal oscillation of intracellular redox potential is known to couple metabolism with the circadian clock , yet the responsible mechanisms are not well understood . We show here that chemical activation of NRF2 modifies circadian gene expression and rhythmicity , with phenotypes similar to genetic NRF2 activation . L...	Like many other animals , our behavior often follows a familiar pattern each day . We tend to wake up with the morning sunlight and start by eating breakfast to satisfy our hunger . Then , at night , most of us sleep , and our bodies use chemical building blocks from the day's meals to replenish and repair our tissues ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2018	NRF2 regulates core and stabilizing circadian clock loops, coupling redox and timekeeping in Mus musculus
The HIV Rev protein routes viral RNAs containing the Rev Response Element ( RRE ) through the Crm1 nuclear export pathway to the cytoplasm where viral proteins are expressed and genomic RNA is delivered to assembling virions . The RRE assembles a Rev oligomer that displays nuclear export sequences ( NESs ) for recognit...	To be able to multiply , viruses first have to infect a host cell and then hijack the host's molecular machinery to make viral proteins . The first stage of this process takes place in the nucleus of the host cell and involves the DNA being transcribed to make RNA molecules . These RNA molecules must then be exported f...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	The export receptor Crm1 forms a dimer to promote nuclear export of HIV RNA
Using a novel , fMRI-based inter-subject functional correlation ( ISFC ) approach , which isolates stimulus-locked inter-regional correlation patterns , we compared the cortical topology of the neural circuit for face processing in participants with an impairment in face recognition , congenital prosopagnosia ( CP ) , ...	Human babies prefer to look at faces and pictures of faces over any other object or pattern . A recent study found that even fetuses in the womb will turn their heads towards dots of light shone through the mother’s skin if the dots broadly resemble a face . Brain imaging studies show that face recognition depends on t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Altered topology of neural circuits in congenital prosopagnosia
Immune activated T lymphocytes modulate the activity of key metabolic pathways to support the transcriptional reprograming and reshaping of cell proteomes that permits effector T cell differentiation . The present study uses high resolution mass spectrometry and metabolic labelling to explore how murine T cells control...	White blood cells known as T cells are an essential part of the immune system . If these cells do not work properly the immune system falls down , leading to disease and eventually death . T cells have receptors on their surface that can detect molecules that do not belong in the body and that may indicate an infection...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2019	Antigen receptor control of methionine metabolism in T cells
Although the function of microRNAs ( miRNAs ) during embryonic development has been intensively studied in recent years , their postnatal physiological functions remain largely unexplored due to inherent difficulties with the presence of redundant paralogs of the same seed . Thus , it is particularly challenging to unc...	The spinal cord is an information superhighway that connects the body with the brain . There , circuits of neurons process information from the brain before sending commands to muscles to generate movement . Each spinal cord circuit contains many types of neurons , whose identity is defined by the set of genes that are...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2021	MicroRNAs mediate precise control of spinal interneuron populations to exert delicate sensory-to-motor outputs
The presynaptic active zone proteins UNC-13/Munc13s are essential for synaptic vesicle ( SV ) exocytosis by directly interacting with SV fusion apparatus . An open question is how their association with active zones , hence their position to Ca2+ entry sites , regulates SV release . The N-termini of major UNC-13/Munc13...	Neurons are connected to each other by junctions called synapses . When an electrical signal travelling along a neuron arrives at a synapse , it causes the release of bubble-like structures called synaptic vesicles that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters . When released by the vesicles these neurotransmitters b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2013	Position of UNC-13 in the active zone regulates synaptic vesicle release probability and release kinetics
Yan is an ETS-domain transcription factor responsible for maintaining Drosophila eye cells in a multipotent state . Yan is at the core of a regulatory network that determines the time and place in which cells transit from multipotency to one of several differentiated lineages . Using a fluorescent reporter for Yan expr...	As animal cells develop , they pass through different states to mature into specific cell types . For some cells , this development depends on the cell’s ability to switch between two stable states , a property called bistability . Many bistable systems operate during development and often feature proteins called trans...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2015	Dynamics and heterogeneity of a fate determinant during transition towards cell differentiation
Base excision repair ( BER ) functions not only in the maintenance of genomic integrity but also in active DNA demethylation and epigenetic gene regulation . This dual role raises the question if phenotypic abnormalities resulting from deficiency of BER factors are due to DNA damage or impaired DNA demethylation . Here...	The face of animals with a backbone is formed in great part by a group of cells called cranial neural crest cells . When too few of these cells are made , the skull and the face can become deformed . For example , the jaw- or cheekbones can be underdeveloped or there may be defects in the eyes or ears . These types of ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	NEIL1 and NEIL2 DNA glycosylases protect neural crest development against mitochondrial oxidative stress
As of November 2015 , the Ebola virus disease ( EVD ) epidemic that began in West Africa in late 2013 is waning . The human toll includes more than 28 , 000 EVD cases and 11 , 000 deaths in Guinea , Liberia , and Sierra Leone , the most heavily-affected countries . We reviewed 66 mathematical modeling studies of the EV...	The outbreak of Ebola that started in West Africa in late 2013 has caused at least 28 , 000 illnesses and 11 , 000 deaths . As the outbreak progressed , global and local public health authorities scrambled to contain the spread of the disease by isolating those who were ill , putting in place infection control processe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "epidemiology", "and", "global", "health", "medicine" ]	2015	Mathematical modeling of the West Africa Ebola epidemic
Mutations in the P53 pathway are a hallmark of human cancer . The identification of pathways upon which p53-deficient cells depend could reveal therapeutic targets that may spare normal cells with intact p53 . In contrast to P53 point mutations in other cancer , complete loss of P53 is a frequent event in osteosarcoma ...	Bone cancer ( osteosarcoma ) is caused by mutations in certain genes , which results in cells growing and dividing uncontrollably . In particular , a gene that produces a protein called P53 in humans is lost in all bone cancers . However , we don’t understand what happens to the bone cells when they lose P53 . Although...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Activation of PTHrP-cAMP-CREB1 signaling following p53 loss is essential for osteosarcoma initiation and maintenance
Perception adapts to mismatching multisensory information , both when different cues appear simultaneously and when they appear sequentially . While both multisensory integration and adaptive trial-by-trial recalibration are central for behavior , it remains unknown whether they are mechanistically linked and arise fro...	A good ventriloquist will make their audience experience an illusion . The speech the spectators hear appears to come from the mouth of the puppet and not from the puppeteer . Moviegoers experience the same illusion: they perceive dialogue as coming from the mouths of the actors on screen , rather than from the loudspe...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2019	Shared neural underpinnings of multisensory integration and trial-by-trial perceptual recalibration in humans
Wnt signalling regulates multiple processes including angiogenesis , inflammation , and tumorigenesis . Norrin ( Norrie Disease Protein ) is a cystine-knot like growth factor . Although unrelated to Wnt , Norrin activates the Wnt/β-catenin pathway . Signal complex formation involves Frizzled4 ( Fz4 ) , low-density lipo...	The cells within an animal need to be able to communicate with each other to coordinate many complex processes in the body , such as the formation of tissues and organs . One way in which the cells can communicate is through a pathway called Wnt signalling . Generally , one cell releases a protein called Wnt , which bi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Structure and functional properties of Norrin mimic Wnt for signalling with Frizzled4, Lrp5/6, and proteoglycan
The CRISPR-Cas9 targeted nuclease technology allows the insertion of genetic modifications with single base-pair precision . The preference of mammalian cells to repair Cas9-induced DNA double-strand breaks via error-prone end-joining pathways rather than via homology-directed repair mechanisms , however , leads to rel...	Genome editing allows scientists to change an organism’s genetic information by adding , replacing or removing sections of its DNA sequence . The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a genome-editing tool that has had a large impact on biological research in recent years , and also shows promise for the treatment of patients with gen...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "short", "report" ]	2018	Covalent linkage of the DNA repair template to the CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease enhances homology-directed repair
Genome-wide screens in Drosophila cells have offered numerous insights into gene function , yet a major limitation has been the inability to stably deliver large multiplexed DNA libraries to cultured cells allowing barcoded pooled screens . Here , we developed a site-specific integration strategy for library delivery a...	Genes are made up of DNA and carry the instructions necessary to build an organism . Humans have over 20 , 000 genes , while other animals , such as fruit flies , have about 14 , 000 . An ongoing challenge in biology is to identify the role of every gene in the human body . Since most of them are conserved in the fruit...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	Pooled genome-wide CRISPR screening for basal and context-specific fitness gene essentiality in Drosophila cells
We elucidate the molecular mechanisms of two distinct activation strategies ( autophosphorylation and TPX2-mediated activation ) in human Aurora A kinase . Classic allosteric activation is in play where either activation loop phosphorylation or TPX2 binding to a conserved hydrophobic groove shifts the equilibrium far t...	The kinase , Aurora A , is a human protein that is needed for cells to divide normally . Kinases are enzymes that control other proteins by adding phosphate groups to these proteins; however , like other kinases , Aurora A must first be activated or ‘switched on’ before it can do this . Aurora A kinase can be switched ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2014	Molecular mechanism of Aurora A kinase autophosphorylation and its allosteric activation by TPX2
During development , coordinated cell behaviors orchestrate tissue and organ morphogenesis . Detailed descriptions of cell lineages and behaviors provide a powerful framework to elucidate the mechanisms of morphogenesis . To study the cellular basis of limb development , we imaged transgenic fluorescently-labeled embry...	During early life , animals develop from a single fertilized egg cell to hundreds , millions or even trillions of cells . These cells specialize to do different tasks; forming different tissues and organs like muscle , skin , lungs and liver . For more than a century , scientists have strived to understand the details ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2018	Multi-view light-sheet imaging and tracking with the MaMuT software reveals the cell lineage of a direct developing arthropod limb
Cilia and flagella are conserved eukaryotic organelles essential for cellular signaling and motility . Cilia dysfunctions cause life-threatening ciliopathies , many of which are due to defects in the transition zone ( TZ ) , a complex structure of the ciliary base . Therefore , understanding TZ assembly , which relies ...	Many animal cells have hair-like structures called cilia on their surface , which help them to sense and interact with their surroundings . The cilia are supported by protein filaments and must assemble correctly because faulty cilia can lead to several life-threatening diseases . Problems in an area at the base of the...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	Dzip1 and Fam92 form a ciliary transition zone complex with cell type specific roles in Drosophila
Pathogenic microbes confront an evolutionary conflict between the pressure to maintain genome stability and the need to adapt to mounting external stresses . Bacteria often respond with elevated mutation rates , but little evidence exists of stable eukaryotic hypermutators in nature . Whole genome resequencing of the h...	As humans , we often think of genetic mutations as being bad . Over the past several decades we have seen health warnings issued on a variety of environmental exposures , from cigarettes to tanning beds , and with good reason because they cause mutations . For multicellular organisms like humans , these mutations are s...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Natural mismatch repair mutations mediate phenotypic diversity and drug resistance in Cryptococcus deuterogattii
The molecular mechanisms that govern thymocyte development and maturation are incompletely understood . The P21-activated kinase 2 ( Pak2 ) is an effector for the Rho family GTPases Rac and Cdc42 that regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling , but its role in the immune system remains poorly understood . In this study , ...	T cells are a key element of the immune system . There are many different types of T cells , and they all have their origins in hematopoietic stem cells that are found in the bone marrow . These stem cells leave the bone marrow and circulate in the body until they reach an organ called the thymus , where they become ea...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	Pak2 is required for actin cytoskeleton remodeling, TCR signaling, and normal thymocyte development and maturation
Connections unifying hemispheric sensory representations of vision and touch occur in cortex , but for hearing , commissural connections earlier in the pathway may be important . The brainstem auditory pathways course bilaterally to the inferior colliculi ( ICs ) . Each IC represents one side of auditory space but they...	The bilateral arrangement of our eyes and ears enables us to receive information from both sides of our body . This information is conveyed via various sensory pathways that take different routes through the brain to culminate in the cerebral hemispheres . The information is then processed in the brain's outer layer , ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Intercollicular commissural connections refine the representation of sound frequency and level in the auditory midbrain
Protein ubiquitination regulated by ubiquitin ligases plays important roles in innate immunity . However , key regulators of ubiquitination during innate response and roles of new types of ubiquitination ( apart from Lys48- and Lys63-linkage ) in control of innate signaling have not been clearly understood . Here we re...	The innate immune system is the body’s first line of defense against being infected by viruses and other microbes . Upon recognizing a virus , host cells trigger the innate immune response in an effort to eliminate the threat . However , innate immune responses must be carefully controlled because an excessive response...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Lys29-linkage of ASK1 by Skp1−Cullin 1−Fbxo21 ubiquitin ligase complex is required for antiviral innate response
Plaques of the amyloid beta ( Aß ) peptide are a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease ( AD ) , the most common form of dementia . Mutations in Aß also cause familial forms of AD ( fAD ) . Here , we use deep mutational scanning to quantify the effects of >14 , 000 mutations on the aggregation of Aß . The resulti...	Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia , affecting more than 50 million people worldwide . Despite more than 400 clinical trials , there are still no effective drugs that can prevent or treat the disease . A common target in Alzheimer’s disease trials is a small protein called amyloid beta . Amyloid be...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2021	The genetic landscape for amyloid beta fibril nucleation accurately discriminates familial Alzheimer’s disease mutations
Single-molecule approaches provide enormous insight into the dynamics of biomolecules , but adequately sampling distributions of states and events often requires extensive sampling . Although emerging experimental techniques can generate such large datasets , existing analysis tools are not suitable to process the larg...	During a chemical or biological process , a molecule may transition through a series of states , many of which are rare or short-lived . Advances in technology have made it easier to detect these states by gathering large amounts of data on individual molecules . However , the increasing size of these datasets has put ...	[ "Abstract", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	Top-down machine learning approach for high-throughput single-molecule analysis
Unlike other human biological fluids , semen contains multiple types of amyloid fibrils in the absence of disease . These fibrils enhance HIV infection by promoting viral fusion to cellular targets , but their natural function remained unknown . The similarities shared between HIV fusion to host cell and sperm fusion t...	Seminal plasma , the fluid portion of semen , helps to transport sperm cells to the egg during sexual reproduction . Seminal plasma contains numerous proteins that help the sperm to survive and , in recent years , researchers discovered that it also harbours protein deposits known as amyloid fibrils . Such protein depo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2017	Semen amyloids participate in spermatozoa selection and clearance
Evolution of morphogenesis is generally associated with changes in genetic regulation . Here , we report evidence indicating that dorsal closure , a conserved morphogenetic process in dipterans , evolved as the consequence of rearrangements in epithelial organization rather than signaling regulation . In Drosophila mel...	For a single fertilized egg to become an animal with many millions of cells , complex networks of genes must control the different stages of development . These gene networks create all the patterns needed to form different parts of the body . Changes to these patterns can create new species , with different sizes , bo...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2018	Two consecutive microtubule-based epithelial seaming events mediate dorsal closure in the scuttle fly Megaselia abdita
Binding of antigen to the B cell antigen receptor ( BCR ) initiates a multitude of events resulting in B cell activation . How the BCR becomes signaling-competent upon antigen binding is still a matter of controversy . Using a high-resolution proximity ligation assay ( PLA ) to monitor the conformation of the BCR and i...	Our immune system protects us against diseases by recognizing invading pathogens , such as bacteria and viruses , and launching a response to eliminate them . In vertebrates , like mice and humans , this immune response often involves white blood cells called B cells , which make antibodies . B cells can recognize a hu...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2014	B cell activation involves nanoscale receptor reorganizations and inside-out signaling by Syk
Meiotic recombination begins with the induction of programmed double-strand breaks ( DSBs ) . In most organisms only a fraction of DSBs become crossovers . Here we report a novel meiotic gene , vilya , which encodes a protein with homology to Zip3-like proteins shown to determine DSB fate in other organisms . Vilya is ...	DNA in animal cells is arranged into structures called chromosomes . Usually , a cell divides in such a way that both daughter cells inherit a complete set of chromosomes . However , the sex cells ( sperm and egg cells ) are formed in a different process – called meiosis – that results in these cells having only half t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Vilya, a component of the recombination nodule, is required for meiotic double-strand break formation in Drosophila
The composition of the human gut microbiome is well resolved , but predictive understanding of its dynamics is still lacking . Here , we followed a bottom-up strategy to explore human gut community dynamics: we established a synthetic community composed of three representative human gut isolates ( Roseburia intestinali...	Our gut is home to trillions of microorganisms , most of them bacteria , which have an important impact on our body . During healthy periods , these microorganisms help our digestion , protect our cells , and compete against disease-causing bacteria . But specific communities of gut bacteria are linked to many diseases...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "computational", "and", "systems", "biology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2018	Integrated culturing, modeling and transcriptomics uncovers complex interactions and emergent behavior in a three-species synthetic gut community
The mechanism by which plant viruses manipulate the behavior of insect vectors has largely been described as indirect manipulation through modifications of the host plant . However , little is known about the direct interaction of the plant virus on the nervous system of its insect vector , and the substantial behavior...	When a plant becomes infected by a virus , its defenses get weakened , which attracts insects that are looking for an easy meal . Insects detect which plants are infected based on the color of the sickened plant and the smell of chemicals it releases . Once an insect leaves the infected plant , it may carry the virus t...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2020	Apoptotic neurodegeneration in whitefly promotes the spread of TYLCV
The Frank-Starling relation is a fundamental auto-regulatory property of the heart that ensures the volume of blood ejected in each heartbeat is matched to the extent of venous filling . At the cellular level , heart muscle cells generate higher force when stretched , but despite intense efforts the underlying molecula...	The heart needs to pump out the same volume of blood that enters it . This is not as simple as it sounds , as changes in heart rate – for example , in response to exercise – alter how hard the heart must pump . When blood flows into the heart it stretches the heart muscle , which consists of units called sarcomeres . S...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "physics", "of", "living", "systems" ]	2017	Distinct contributions of the thin and thick filaments to length-dependent activation in heart muscle
The striatum and the subthalamic nucleus ( STN ) constitute the input stage of the basal ganglia ( BG ) network and together innervate BG downstream structures using GABA and glutamate , respectively . Comparison of the neuronal activity in BG input and downstream structures reveals that subthalamic , not striatal , ac...	The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease include tremor and slow movement , as well as loss of balance , depression and problems with sleep and memory . The death of neurons in a region of the brain called the substantia nigra pars compacta is one of the major hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease . These neurons produce a chemi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2016	Subthalamic, not striatal, activity correlates with basal ganglia downstream activity in normal and parkinsonian monkeys
Type I collagen-containing fibrils are major structural components of the extracellular matrix of vertebrate tissues , especially tendon , but how they are formed is not fully understood . MMP14 is a potent pericellular collagenase that can cleave type I collagen in vitro . In this study , we show that tendon developme...	A scaffold of proteins called the extracellular matrix surrounds each of the cells that make up our organs and tissues . This matrix , which contains fibres made of proteins called collagens , provides the physical support needed to hold organs and tissues together . This support is especially important in the tendons—...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Matrix metalloproteinase 14 is required for fibrous tissue expansion
Regulatory T ( Treg ) cells , which suppress autoimmunity and other inflammatory states , are characterized by a distinct set of genetic elements controlling their gene expression . However , the extent of genetic and associated epigenetic variation in the Treg cell lineage and its possible relation to disease states i...	The immune system protects the body from infection . Key to this protection is the ability to mount an immune response that is sufficient to deal with the threat , but is not so large that the damage it causes to the body exceeds its immediate benefit . Immune cells called regulatory T cells ( or Treg cells for short )...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods", "Ethics", "statement" ]	[ "immunology", "and", "inflammation", "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2015	Genetic and epigenetic variation in the lineage specification of regulatory T cells
A common misconception is that evolution is a linear ‘march of progress’ , where each organism along a line of descent is more fit than all those that came before it . Rejecting this misconception implies that evolution is nontransitive: a series of adaptive events will , on occasion , produce organisms that are less f...	It is widely accepted in biology that all life on Earth gradually evolved over billions of years from a single ancestor . Yet , there is still much about this process that is not fully understood . Evolution is often thought of as progressing in a linear fashion , with each new generation being better adapted to its en...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology" ]	2020	Adaptive evolution of nontransitive fitness in yeast
Given the frequent misregulation of chromatin in cancer , it is important to understand the cellular mechanisms that regulate chromatin structure . However , systematic screening for epigenetic regulators is challenging and often relies on laborious assays or indirect reporter read-outs . Here we describe a strategy , ...	To fit into the nucleus of eukaryotic cells ( which include plant , animal and yeast cells ) , DNA wraps around histone proteins to form a structure called chromatin . Histones can be modified by a variety of chemical tags , which affect how easily nearby DNA can be accessed by other molecules in the cell . These modif...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2016	Direct screening for chromatin status on DNA barcodes in yeast delineates the regulome of H3K79 methylation by Dot1
The actin cytoskeleton plays important roles in the formation and internalization of endocytic vesicles . In yeast , endocytic vesicles move towards early endosomes along actin cables , however , the molecular machinery regulating interaction between endocytic vesicles and actin cables is poorly understood . The Eps15-...	The cells of all eukaryotes – including plants , animals and fungi – absorb many substances that they need from their surroundings by forming pockets around them , and then pinching off these pockets to create structures called vesicles . Clathrin is a protein that acts as a scaffold for these vesicles . Inside a eukar...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Yeast Eps15-like endocytic protein Pan1p regulates the interaction between endocytic vesicles, endosomes and the actin cytoskeleton
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition ( EMT ) is considered a transcriptional process that induces a switch in cells from a polarized state to a migratory phenotype . Here , we show that KSR1 and ERK promote EMT-like phenotype through the preferential translation of Epithelial-Stromal Interaction 1 ( EPSTI1 ) , whic...	The majority of cancer deaths result from tumor cells spreading to other parts of the body via a process known as metastasis . 90% of all cancers originate in epithelial cells that line the inner and outer surface of organs in our bodies . Epithelial cells , however , are typically stationary and must undergo various c...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	KSR1- and ERK-dependent translational regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
Mapping hybrid defects in contact zones between incipient species can identify genomic regions contributing to reproductive isolation and reveal genetic mechanisms of speciation . The house mouse features a rare combination of sophisticated genetic tools and natural hybrid zones between subspecies . Male hybrids often ...	Different species have often evolved from a common ancestor . In order to become distinct species , however , the different groups of descendants of that ancestor must have become isolated from one another at some point in their history so that they could no longer mate or reproduce . For example , a mountain or a rive...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "genetics", "and", "genomics" ]	2014	Genome-wide mapping in a house mouse hybrid zone reveals hybrid sterility loci and Dobzhansky-Muller interactions
The clathrin adaptor complex AP2 is thought to be an obligate heterotetramer . We identify null mutations in the α subunit of AP2 in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans . α-adaptin mutants are viable and the remaining μ2/β hemicomplex retains some function . Conversely , in μ2 mutants , the alpha/sigma2 hemicomplex is ...	The cell membrane is a busy place , with cell-surface proteins continually added and removed according to the needs of the cell . Each protein extends a polypeptide tail into the cell cytoplasm . When a protein is to be removed from the cell surface , its tail recruits a protein complex known as the AP2 adaptor to the ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2013	AP2 hemicomplexes contribute independently to synaptic vesicle endocytosis
In the vertebrate central nervous system , exploratory filopodia transiently form on dendritic branches to sample the neuronal environment and initiate new trans-neuronal contacts . While much is known about the molecules that control filopodia extension and subsequent maturation into functional synapses , the mechanis...	Our brains contain a vast network of many billions of cells that communicate with , and are connected to , each other . Each brain cell , or neuron , can form connections with as many as 10 , 000 other neurons—and signals pass from one neuron to the next at sites known as synapses . A neuron's surface has numerous fing...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology" ]	2014	Dynamic recruitment of the curvature-sensitive protein ArhGAP44 to nanoscale membrane deformations limits exploratory filopodia initiation in neurons
Networks of neurons control feeding and activity patterns by integrating internal metabolic signals of energy balance with external environmental cues such as time-of-day . Proper circadian alignment of feeding behavior is necessary to prevent metabolic disease , and thus it is imperative that molecular players that ma...	In many animals , specific types of neurons , such as the hypothalamic hunger neurons , are tasked with regulating food consumption , integrating internal signals of hunger . In general , individuals eat if food becomes available when they are hungry; if food is absent , they will start moving to find new resources . F...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2020	The p75 neurotrophin receptor in AgRP neurons is necessary for homeostatic feeding and food anticipation
Cellular senescence is a contributor to intervertebral disc ( IVD ) degeneration and low back pain . Here , we found that RG-7112 , a potent mouse double-minute two protein inhibitor , selectively kills senescent IVD cells through apoptosis . Gene expression pathway analysis was used to compare the functional networks ...	Pain in the lower back affects about four in five people during their lifetime . Over time , the discs that provide cushioning between the vertebrae of the spine can degenerate , which can be one of the major causes of lower back pain . It has been shown that when the cells of these discs are exposed to different stres...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2020	Senotherapeutic drugs for human intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain
Pollinating insects utilise various sensory cues to identify and learn rewarding flower species . One such cue is floral temperature , created by captured sunlight or plant thermogenesis . Bumblebees , honeybees and stingless bees can distinguish flowers based on differences in overall temperature between flowers . We ...	Bees experience the world in a different way to humans . The plants that they visit exploit the bee’s senses to make sure that a searching bee can easily find , handle and pollinate flowers . For example , bumblebees can learn to choose between flowers that are different temperatures , using heat as a way of identifyin...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "plant", "biology" ]	2017	The diversity of floral temperature patterns, and their use by pollinators
Parkinson's disease ( PD ) genes PINK1 and parkin act in a common pathway that regulates mitochondrial integrity and quality . Identifying new suppressors of the pathway is important for finding new therapeutic strategies . In this study , we show that MUL1 suppresses PINK1 or parkin mutant phenotypes in Drosophila . T...	Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder . Symptoms include tremors , rigidity , and slowness , as well as dementia and depression . While most cases of Parkinson's disease have no known genetic cause , mutations in either of two genes—PINK1 or parkin—are known to lead to the disease . P...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2014	MUL1 acts in parallel to the PINK1/parkin pathway in regulating mitofusin and compensates for loss of PINK1/parkin
Imbalances in endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) proteostasis are associated with etiologically-diverse degenerative diseases linked to excessive extracellular protein misfolding and aggregation . Reprogramming of the ER proteostasis environment through genetic activation of the Unfolded Protein Response ( UPR ) -associated ...	Newly made proteins must be folded into specific three-dimensional shapes before they can perform their roles in cells . Many proteins are folded in a compartment called the endoplasmic reticulum before being transported to their final location . However , if a cell suddenly needs to make a large number of new proteins...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	Small molecule proteostasis regulators that reprogram the ER to reduce extracellular protein aggregation
Doxorubicin is used extensively for chemotherapy of diverse types of cancer , yet the mechanism through which it inhibits proliferation of cancer cells remains unclear . Here we report that doxorubicin stimulates de novo synthesis of ceramide , which in turn activates CREB3L1 , a transcription factor synthesized as a m...	Cancer is a broad term to describe over 200 diseases that are caused by cells proliferating in an out-of-control manner . Cell replication and division are normally very tightly regulated , and as cells become old , damaged or mutated , they are either repaired or undergo programmed cell death ( apoptosis ) . However ,...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2012	Doxorubicin blocks proliferation of cancer cells through proteolytic activation of CREB3L1
Endogenous jasmonates are important regulators of plant defenses . If and how they enable plants to maintain their reproductive output when facing community-level herbivory under natural conditions , however , remains unknown . We demonstrate that jasmonate-deficient Nicotiana attenuata plants suffer more damage by art...	Plants are attacked by many different herbivores , including insects and mammals , and often produce toxins in response to protect themselves . Toxin production is regulated by plant hormones called jasmonates . It is commonly assumed this ability helps plants to survive and reproduce in nature . However , proof that a...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2016	Benefits of jasmonate-dependent defenses against vertebrate herbivores in nature
Intestinal regeneration and tumorigenesis are believed to be driven by intestinal stem cells ( ISCs ) . Elucidating mechanisms underlying ISC activation during regeneration and tumorigenesis can help uncover the underlying principles of intestinal homeostasis and disease including colorectal cancer . Here we show that ...	Cells lining the inner wall of the gut help to absorb nutrients and to protect the body against harmful microbes and substances . Being on the front line of defense means that these cells often sustain injuries . Specialized cells called intestinal stem cells keep the tissues healthy by replacing the damaged and dying ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine" ]	2017	Stress responsive miR-31 is a major modulator of mouse intestinal stem cells during regeneration and tumorigenesis
Physiological responses to nociceptive stimuli are initiated within tens of milliseconds , but the corresponding sub-second behavioral responses have not been adequately explored in awake , unrestrained animals . A detailed understanding of these responses is crucial for progress in pain neurobiology . Here , high-spee...	A bee sting or a pinprick are examples of painful experiences that trigger an immediate response in humans and other animals . Scientists have begun mapping how different parts of the nervous system control how the body reacts to pain . But there are still many questions about what happens in the very first moments aft...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Identification of a novel spinal nociceptive-motor gate control for Aδ pain stimuli in rats
Animals host multi-species microbial communities ( microbiomes ) whose properties may result from inter-species interactions; however , current understanding of host-microbiome interactions derives mostly from studies in which elucidation of microbe-microbe interactions is difficult . In exploring how Drosophila melano...	Animals associate with communities of microorganisms , also known as their microbiome , that live in or on their bodies . Within these communities , microbes – such as yeast and bacteria – interact by producing chemical compounds called metabolites that can influence the activity of other members of the community . The...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2017	Metabolite exchange between microbiome members produces compounds that influence Drosophila behavior
Unlike passive rupture of the human chorioamnion at birth , the insect extraembryonic ( EE ) tissues – the amnion and serosa – actively rupture and withdraw in late embryogenesis . Withdrawal is essential for development and has been a morphogenetic puzzle . Here , we use new fluorescent transgenic lines in the beetle ...	Early in development a protective fluid-filled sac forms around an embryo . In humans , this sac bursts during birth , but the sac surrounding insect embryos ruptures long before these animals begin to emerge from their eggs . This early rupture is important for insects to develop normally: if an insect embryo’s sac re...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "and", "discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2016	The beetle amnion and serosa functionally interact as apposed epithelia
Alterations in Hedgehog ( Hh ) signaling lead to birth defects and cancers including medulloblastoma , the most common pediatric brain tumor . Although inhibitors targeting the membrane protein Smoothened suppress Hh signaling , acquired drug resistance and tumor relapse call for additional therapeutic targets . Here w...	A communication system in cells called the Hedgehog signaling pathway plays an essential role in the formation of tissues and organs in animal embryos . The activity of the pathway is carefully controlled during development and if Hedgehog signaling is disrupted it can lead to developmental defects and particular types...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2015	Phosphodiesterase 4D acts downstream of Neuropilin to control Hedgehog signal transduction and the growth of medulloblastoma
Plants are not only challenged by pathogenic organisms but also colonized by commensal microbes . The network of interactions these microbes establish with their host and among each other is suggested to contribute to the immune responses of plants against pathogens . In wild Arabidopsis thaliana populations , the oomy...	Much like the ‘good bacteria’ that live in our guts , many microscopic organisms can co-exist with and even benefit the plants they live on . For instance , the yeast Moesziomyces bullatus ex Albugo ( MbA for short ) can shield the leaves of its plant host against white rust , a disease caused by the organism Albugo la...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology" ]	2021	A fungal member of the Arabidopsis thaliana phyllosphere antagonizes Albugo laibachii via a GH25 lysozyme
During the rubber hand illusion ( RHI ) , subjects experience an artificial hand as part of their own body , while the real hand is subject to a sort of 'disembodiment' . Can this altered belief about the body also affect physiological mechanisms involved in body-ownership , such as motor control ? Here we ask whether ...	The feeling of body ownership — that the various parts of your body are all part of you — is something that we typically take for granted . However , brain damage can disrupt this sensation and leave individuals convinced that an arm or a leg is no longer their own . Even in healthy people , the ‘rubber hand illusion’ ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Material", "and", "methods" ]	[ "short", "report", "neuroscience" ]	2016	Decreased motor cortex excitability mirrors own hand disembodiment during the rubber hand illusion
Macrophages destroy pathogens and diseased cells through Fcγ receptor ( FcγR ) -driven phagocytosis of antibody-opsonized targets . Phagocytosis requires activation of multiple FcγRs , but the mechanism controlling the threshold for response is unclear . We developed a DNA origami-based engulfment system that allows pr...	The word ‘phagocytosis’ means cellular eating . It is the process by which cells extend their membranes around foreign particles and engulf them . Macrophages , a type of immune cell found in every tissue of the body , perform phagocytosis to eat pathogens and diseased cells . To avoid eating healthy cells , macrophage...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2021	Tight nanoscale clustering of Fcγ receptors using DNA origami promotes phagocytosis
The kinesin-8 motor , KIF19A , accumulates at cilia tips and controls cilium length . Defective KIF19A leads to hydrocephalus and female infertility because of abnormally elongated cilia . Uniquely among kinesins , KIF19A possesses the dual functions of motility along ciliary microtubules and depolymerization of microt...	The cells that line the airways and other passages in the body have hair-like structures called cilia on their surface . Maintaining the cilia at an appropriate length is key to allowing fluid to flow efficiently in these passages . A protein called tubulin forms scaffolds known as microtubules that give each cilium it...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	Motility and microtubule depolymerization mechanisms of the Kinesin-8 motor, KIF19A
Efficient pH regulation is a fundamental requisite of all calcifying systems in animals and plants but with the underlying pH regulatory mechanisms remaining largely unknown . Using the sea urchin larva , this work identified the SLC4 HCO3- transporter family member SpSlc4a10 to be critically involved in the formation ...	Many marine organisms such as mussels , sea urchins or corals , have skeletons and shells , which – due to their beautiful colors and shapes – are often desirable collector pieces . These structures are made from calcium and carbonate ions that react to form calcium carbonate crystals in a process known as biomineraliz...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology" ]	2018	A SLC4 family bicarbonate transporter is critical for intracellular pH regulation and biomineralization in sea urchin embryos
The abscission checkpoint regulates the ESCRT membrane fission machinery and thereby delays cytokinetic abscission to protect genomic integrity in response to residual mitotic errors . The checkpoint is maintained by Aurora B kinase , which phosphorylates multiple targets , including CHMP4C , a regulatory ESCRT-III sub...	When a cell divides , it must first carefully duplicate its genetic information and package these copies into compartments housed in the two new cells . Errors in this process lead to genetic mistakes that trigger cancer or other harmful biological events . Quality control checks exist to catch errors before it is too ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2021	Identification of abscission checkpoint bodies as structures that regulate ESCRT factors to control abscission timing
Neocortical basal radial glia ( bRG ) and cerebellar Bergmann glia ( BG ) are basal progenitors derived from ventricular apical radial glia ( aRG ) that selectively lose their apical processes . bRG and BG have been implicated in the expansion and folding of the cerebrum and cerebellum , respectively . Here , we analyz...	The outer layer of the brain of a mammal , called the cortex , helps support mental abilities such as memory , attention and thought . In rodents , the cortex is smooth whereas in primates it is organized into folds . These folds increase the surface area of the brain and thus the number of neurons it can contain , whi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "neuroscience" ]	2017	Analogous mechanism regulating formation of neocortical basal radial glia and cerebellar Bergmann glia
Cellular senescence has been recently linked to the promotion of age-related pathologies , including a decline in regenerative capacity . While such capacity deteriorates with age in mammals , it remains intact in species such as salamanders , which have an extensive repertoire of regeneration and can undergo multiple ...	As humans and other mammals get older , they become less able to recover from injury or repair damage to their tissues . This happens because mammalian cells gradually lose the ability to divide to produce new cells . This process is called senescence and it helps to prevent cancer by stopping old cells that are more l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Recurrent turnover of senescent cells during regeneration of a complex structure
Despite the established role of mitochondria in cancer , the mechanisms by which mitochondrial Ca2+ ( mtCa2+ ) regulates tumorigenesis remain incompletely understood . The crucial role of mtCa2+ in tumorigenesis is highlighted by altered expression of proteins mediating mtCa2+ uptake and extrusion in cancer . Here , we...	Colorectal cancer is the second largest cause of cancer deaths worldwide . Even in cases where the cancer is diagnosed and treated early , cells can sometimes survive treatment and spread to other organs . Once the cancer has spread , the survival rate is less than 15% . Mitochondria are compartments in the cell that p...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2020	Dichotomous role of the human mitochondrial Na+/Ca2+/Li+ exchanger NCLX in colorectal cancer growth and metastasis
The cardiac lymphatic vascular system and its potentially critical functions in heart patients have been largely underappreciated , in part due to a lack of experimentally accessible systems . We here demonstrate that cardiac lymphatic vessels develop in young adult zebrafish , using coronary arteries to guide their ex...	Human hearts have coronary vessels that supply oxygen and essential nutrients to the heart . When this supply is interrupted , a heart attack can occur . After a heart attack , scar tissue forms that impairs the heart’s ability to pump blood around the body . The heart also has lymphatic vessels that drain excess fluid...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "stem", "cells", "and", "regenerative", "medicine", "developmental", "biology" ]	2019	Late developing cardiac lymphatic vasculature supports adult zebrafish heart function and regeneration
The glucocorticoid receptor ( GR ) potently represses macrophage-elicited inflammation , however , the underlying mechanisms remain obscure . Our genome-wide analysis in mouse macrophages reveals that pro-inflammatory paused genes , activated via global negative elongation factor ( NELF ) dissociation and RNA Polymeras...	Inflammation is one of the body’s responses to fight infection and heal tissue damage . The response is controlled by hundreds of genes , which fall into two classes . In the first class , an injury or infection triggers the enzyme RNA Polymerase to bind to and transcribe the gene into long RNA strands , which are then...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2018	Gene-specific mechanisms direct glucocorticoid-receptor-driven repression of inflammatory response genes in macrophages
The structure of axonal arbors controls how signals from individual neurons are routed within the mammalian brain . However , the arbors of very few long-range projection neurons have been reconstructed in their entirety , as axons with diameters as small as 100 nm arborize in target regions dispersed over many millime...	Nerve cells or neurons transmit electrical impulses to each other over long distances . These signals travel through highly branching nerve fibers called axons , which are about one hundred times thinner than a human hair , and can extend across the entire brain . Tracing the axon of a neuron from start to end can help...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "tools", "and", "resources", "neuroscience" ]	2016	A platform for brain-wide imaging and reconstruction of individual neurons
RNA-induced silencing complex ( RISC ) is composed of miRNAs and AGO proteins . AGOs use miRNAs as guides to slice target mRNAs to produce truncated 5' and 3' RNA fragments . The 5' cleaved RNA fragments are marked with uridylation for degradation . Here , we identified novel cofactors of Arabidopsis AGOs , named RICE1...	DNA contains all the information needed to build a body , yet molecules of RNA carry these instructions to the sites in the cell where they can be used . Cells must control how much RNA they produce in order to ensure that they develop properly and can respond well to their environment . RNA silencing refers to a colle...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "plant", "biology", "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	RISC-interacting clearing 3’- 5’ exoribonucleases (RICEs) degrade uridylated cleavage fragments to maintain functional RISC in Arabidopsis thaliana
Biological specimens suffer radiation damage when imaged in an electron microscope , ultimately limiting the attainable resolution . At a given resolution , an optimal exposure can be defined that maximizes the signal-to-noise ratio in the image . Using a 2 . 6 Å resolution single particle cryo-EM reconstruction of rot...	Microscopes allow us to visualize objects that are invisible to the naked eye . One type of microscope—called the electron microscope—produces images using beams of particles known as electrons , which enables them to produce more detailed images than microscopes that use light . There are several ways to prepare sampl...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2015	Measuring the optimal exposure for single particle cryo-EM using a 2.6 Å reconstruction of rotavirus VP6
Dendritic integration of synaptic inputs mediates rapid neural computation as well as longer-lasting plasticity . Several channel types can mediate dendritically initiated spikes ( dSpikes ) , which may impact information processing and storage across multiple timescales; however , the roles of different channels in th...	When we explore somewhere new , we activate a region of the brain that processes spatial information called the entorhinal cortex . This brain region stimulates the brain's memory-formation center , known as the hippocampus , which in turn forms a spatial memory of the new place . The process of forming these memories ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2015	Dendritic sodium spikes are required for long-term potentiation at distal synapses on hippocampal pyramidal neurons
We have used a combination of electron cryo-tomography , subtomogram averaging , and electron crystallographic image processing to analyse the structure of intact bovine F1Fo ATP synthase in 2D membrane crystals . ATPase assays and mass spectrometry analysis of the 2D crystals confirmed that the enzyme complex was comp...	Cells use a molecule called adenosine triphosphate ( or ATP for short ) to power many processes that are vital for life . Animals , plants , and fungi primarily make their ATP in a specialised compartment called the mitochondrion , which is found inside their cells . The mitochondrion is often referred to as the powerh...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Bovine F1Fo ATP synthase monomers bend the lipid bilayer in 2D membrane crystals
Efforts to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies ( bNAbs ) against HIV-1 require understanding germline bNAb recognition of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein ( Env ) . The VRC01-class bNAb family derived from the VH1-2*02 germline allele arose in multiple HIV-1–infected donors , yet targets the CD4-binding site on Env with ...	When human immunodeficiency virus-1 ( HIV-1 ) infects humans it can cause a serious disease that damages the immune system . Currently there is no cure for this disease and there are no vaccines available to halt the spread of the virus . Researchers are hoping to be able to develop a single vaccine that can protect in...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics", "immunology", "and", "inflammation" ]	2016	Structural basis for germline antibody recognition of HIV-1 immunogens
Iron and heme play central roles in the production of red blood cells , but the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood . Heme-regulated eIF2α kinase ( HRI ) controls translation by phosphorylating eIF2α . Here , we investigate the global impact of iron , heme , and HRI on protein translation in vivo in mu...	Red blood cells use a molecule called hemoglobin to transport oxygen around the body . To make hemoglobin , cells require iron to build a component called heme . If an individual does not get enough iron in their diet , the body cannot produce enough red blood cells , or the cells lack hemoglobin . This condition is kn...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2019	HRI coordinates translation necessary for protein homeostasis and mitochondrial function in erythropoiesis
In response to cell death signals , an active apoptosome is assembled from Apaf-1 and procaspase-9 ( pc-9 ) . Here we report a near atomic structure of the active human apoptosome determined by cryo-electron microscopy . The resulting model gives insights into cytochrome c binding , nucleotide exchange and conformation...	An adult human loses around 50–70 billion cells every day via a process termed apoptosis . The term arises from the Greek word that describes leaves “falling off” a tree , and the process entails damaged or unwanted cells essentially committing suicide in a controlled manner . As such , apoptosis keeps the number of ce...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2016	A near atomic structure of the active human apoptosome
Motor proteins of the conserved kinesin-14 family have important roles in mitotic spindle organization and chromosome segregation . Previous studies have indicated that kinesin-14 motors are non-processive enzymes , working in the context of multi-motor ensembles that collectively organize microtubule networks . In thi...	Molecules can be transported around a cell by so-called motor proteins that move along a network of filaments called microtubules . Many motor proteins—including the kinesin family of these proteins—can only move in one direction along a microtubule . In most cells , kinesins tend to transport other molecules away from...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Non-catalytic motor domains enable processive movement and functional diversification of the kinesin-14 Kar3
During cell division , chromosomes attach to spindle microtubules at sites called kinetochores , and force generated at the kinetochore-microtubule interface is the main driver of chromosome movement . Surprisingly , kinetochores are not required for chromosome segregation on acentrosomal spindles in Caenorhabditis ele...	An animal's genetic material is packaged into structures called chromosomes . Most animals have two sets of chromosomes: one from each parent . Sperm and egg cells must contain half the number of chromosomes compared to other cells in the body , so that when they fuse , the resulting embryo receives a full complement o...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Kinetochore-independent chromosome segregation driven by lateral microtubule bundles
Neuropathic pain remains notoriously difficult to treat despite numerous drug targets . Here , we offer a novel explanation for this intractability . Computer simulations predicted that qualitative changes in primary afferent excitability linked to neuropathic pain arise through a switch in spike initiation dynamics wh...	Although the pain associated with an injury is unpleasant , it normally serves an important purpose: to make you avoid its source . However , some pain appears to arise from nowhere . Frustratingly , this type of pain , known as neuropathic pain , does not respond to common painkillers and is thus very difficult to tre...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2014	Criticality and degeneracy in injury-induced changes in primary afferent excitability and the implications for neuropathic pain
Microbes are nature’s chemists , capable of producing and metabolizing a diverse array of compounds . In the human gut , microbial biochemistry can be beneficial , for example vitamin production and complex carbohydrate breakdown; or detrimental , such as the reactivation of an inactive drug metabolite leading to patie...	Microbes in the human gut can play helpful roles by producing vitamins or breaking down complex carbohydrates . Collectively , gut microbes carry out these roles using a large toolkit of enzymes that catalyze a diverse range of chemical reactions , some of which cannot be carried out by human enzymes . However , these ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources", "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	The human gut chemical landscape predicts microbe-mediated biotransformation of foods and drugs
Disruption of mitochondrial function selectively targets tumour cells that are dependent on oxidative phosphorylation . However , due to their high energy demands , cardiac cells are disproportionately targeted by mitochondrial toxins resulting in a loss of cardiac function . An analysis of the effects of mubritinib on...	The pharmaceutical industry needs to make safe and effective drugs . At the same time this industry is under pressure to keep the costs of developing these drugs at an acceptable level . Drugs work by interacting with and typically blocking a specific target , such as a protein in a particular type of cell . Sometimes ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cancer", "biology" ]	2020	Identification of a novel toxicophore in anti-cancer chemotherapeutics that targets mitochondrial respiratory complex I
A major challenge in cell and developmental biology is the automated identification and quantitation of cells in complex multilayered tissues . We developed CytoCensus: an easily deployed implementation of supervised machine learning that extends convenient 2D ‘point-and-click’ user training to 3D detection of cells in...	There are around 200 billion cells in the human brain that are generated by a small pool of rapidly dividing stem cells . For the brain to develop correctly , these stem cells must produce an appropriate number of each type of cell in the right place , at the right time . However , it remains unclear how individual ste...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology", "tools", "and", "resources" ]	2020	CytoCensus, mapping cell identity and division in tissues and organs using machine learning
Acinar cells play an essential role in the secretory function of exocrine organs . Despite this requirement , how acinar cells are generated during organogenesis is unclear . Using the acini-ductal network of the developing human and murine salivary gland , we demonstrate an unexpected role for SOX2 and parasympathetic...	The salivary glands produce fluid that contains enzymes to help us to digest our food . These glands contain a tree-like network of cells – known as acinar cells – that produce the fluid , and cells that form ducts to transport the fluid out of the glands . Both types of cells form from stem cells as animal embryos dev...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology" ]	2017	SOX2 regulates acinar cell development in the salivary gland
Intercellular tight junctions form selectively permeable barriers that seal the paracellular space . Trans-tight junction flux has been measured across large epithelial surfaces , but conductance across individual channels has never been measured . We report a novel trans-tight junction patch clamp technique that detec...	Epithelial cells form layers that line the inner surface of the gut , lungs and other organs . They act as barriers to control the movement of water , ions and small molecules between internal compartments within the body and the external environment . Some substances are transported across these barriers by passing th...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cell", "biology", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2015	Claudin-2-dependent paracellular channels are dynamically gated
Biomarkers for patient selection are essential for the successful and rapid development of emerging targeted anti-cancer therapeutics . In this study , we report the discovery of a novel patient selection strategy for the p53–HDM2 inhibitor NVP-CGM097 , currently under evaluation in clinical trials . By intersecting hi...	Stress from daily activities and exposure to chemicals or UV radiation can all damage cells . Damaged cells may develop into cancerous tumors if unchecked . Normally , a protein called p53 helps to repair or eliminate damaged cells and prevent tumors from forming . The p53 protein does this by switching on or off genes...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "cancer", "biology" ]	2015	A distinct p53 target gene set predicts for response to the selective p53–HDM2 inhibitor NVP-CGM097
Niemann-Pick C1 ( NPC1 ) is a lysosomal membrane protein that exports cholesterol derived from receptor-mediated uptake of LDL , and it also mediates cellular entry of Ebola virus . Cholesterol export is inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of U18666A , a cationic sterol . To identify the target of U18666A , we synthe...	Cholesterol is a type of fat molecule and is a vital component of animal cell membranes . It is taken up into cells within particles called low density lipoproteins ( LDLs ) that are then digested in cell compartments known as lysosomes to release the cholesterol . Then , the cholesterol leaves the lysosome with the he...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2015	Identification of NPC1 as the target of U18666A, an inhibitor of lysosomal cholesterol export and Ebola infection
The DNA Polymerase α ( Pol α ) /primase complex initiates DNA synthesis in eukaryotic replication . In the complex , Pol α and primase cooperate in the production of RNA-DNA oligonucleotides that prime synthesis of new DNA . Here we report crystal structures of the catalytic core of yeast Pol α in unliganded form , bou...	During mitosis , a cell duplicates its DNA and then divides , ultimately generating two genetically identical daughter cells . In eukaryotes , the process of DNA duplication occurs at multiple sites throughout the genome: at each site , the antiparallel strands of the parental DNA separate and provide a template for DN...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "structural", "biology", "and", "molecular", "biophysics" ]	2013	Mechanism for priming DNA synthesis by yeast DNA Polymerase α
Wnt/β-catenin signaling elicits context-dependent transcription switches that determine normal development and oncogenesis . These are mediated by the Wnt enhanceosome , a multiprotein complex binding to the Pygo chromatin reader and acting through TCF/LEF-responsive enhancers . Pygo renders this complex Wnt-responsive...	In every animal , different cells must be able to communicate with each other to make sure that the body is correctly formed and maintained . Animal cells have many ways of communicating , but one important and well-studied mechanism involves a signaling molecule called Wnt that is released by some cells and received b...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2017	Constitutive scaffolding of multiple Wnt enhanceosome components by Legless/BCL9
A highly efficacious pre-erythrocytic stage vaccine would be an important tool for the control and elimination of malaria but is currently unavailable . High-level protection in humans can be achieved by experimental immunization with Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites attenuated by radiation or under anti-malarial drug...	Vaccines commonly contain a weakened or dead version of a disease-causing microorganism , or its toxins , or surface proteins . These prime the immune system to rapidly recognize , respond to , and eliminate the actual infectious pathogen if later encountered . While vaccines are currently available to help prevent a l...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2014	A genetically attenuated malaria vaccine candidate based on P. falciparum b9/slarp gene-deficient sporozoites
High-through-put ( HTP ) screening for functional arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ( AMF ) -associations is challenging because roots must be excavated and colonization evaluated by transcript analysis or microscopy . Here we show that specific leaf-metabolites provide broadly applicable accurate proxies of these associati...	All plants need a nutrient called phosphorus to grow and thrive . Phosphorus is found in soil , but the supply is limited so plants often struggle to acquire enough of it . To overcome this problem , many plants form friendly relationships ( or symbioses ) with certain fungi in the soil known as arbuscular mycorrhizal ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "ecology", "plant", "biology" ]	2018	Blumenols as shoot markers of root symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Efference copies refer to internal duplicates of movement-producing neural signals . Their primary function is to predict , and often suppress , the sensory consequences of willed movements . Efference copies have been almost exclusively investigated in the context of overt movements . The current electrophysiological ...	As you read this text , the chances are you can hear your own inner voice narrating the words . You may hear your inner voice again when silently considering what to have for lunch , or imagining how a phone conversation this afternoon will play out . Estimates suggest that we spend at least a quarter of our lives list...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2017	Neurophysiological evidence of efference copies to inner speech
Identifying neural substrates of behavior requires defining actions in terms that map onto brain activity . Brain and muscle activity naturally correlate via the output of motor neurons , but apart from simple movements it has been difficult to define behavior in terms of muscle contractions . By mapping the musculatur...	How do we find out how the brain works ? One way is to use imaging techniques to visualise an animal’s brain in action as it performs simple behaviours: as the animal moves , parts of its brain light up under the microscope . For laboratory animals like fruit flies , which have relatively small brains , this lets us ob...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "neuroscience" ]	2021	Pupal behavior emerges from unstructured muscle activity in response to neuromodulation in Drosophila
daf-16/FoxO is required to survive starvation in Caenorhabditis elegans , but how daf-16IFoxO promotes starvation resistance is unclear . We show that daf-16/FoxO restructures carbohydrate metabolism by driving carbon flux through the glyoxylate shunt and gluconeogenesis and into synthesis of trehalose , a disaccharide...	Most animals rarely have access to a constant supply of food , and so have evolved ways to cope with times of plenty and times of shortage . Insulin is a hormone that travels throughout the body to signal when an animal is well fed . Insulin signaling inhibits the activity of a protein called FoxO , which otherwise swi...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "biochemistry", "and", "chemical", "biology" ]	2017	daf-16/FoxO promotes gluconeogenesis and trehalose synthesis during starvation to support survival
The mechanisms of adaptation to inactivation of essential genes remain unknown . Here we inactivate E . coli dihydrofolate reductase ( DHFR ) by introducing D27G , N , F chromosomal mutations in a key catalytic residue with subsequent adaptation by an automated serial transfer protocol . The partial reversal G27- > C o...	Predicting how viruses and bacteria evolve remains a challenge . The ability to anticipate when and how bacteria might develop drug resistance would make treating life-threatening diseases easier and could potentially help prevent drug resistance altogether . Studying bacterial evolution under different conditions and ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "evolutionary", "biology", "computational", "and", "systems", "biology" ]	2019	Adaptation to mutational inactivation of an essential gene converges to an accessible suboptimal fitness peak
N6-methyladenosine ( m6A ) is the most abundant internal RNA modification of cellular mRNAs . m6A is recognised by YTH domain-containing proteins , which selectively bind to m6A-decorated RNAs regulating their turnover and translation . Using an m6A-modified hairpin present in the Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesviru...	When a cell needs to make a protein , it reads from the master copy of the gene in the DNA and prints out temporary duplicates called mRNA . These duplicates then act as templates for protein production . Both DNA and mRNA can be further modified by adding on chemical tags that recruit specific proteins . While chemica...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "microbiology", "and", "infectious", "disease" ]	2019	The Tudor SND1 protein is an m6A RNA reader essential for replication of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
Mesenchymal condensation is a critical step in organogenesis , yet the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood . The hair follicle dermal condensate is the precursor to the permanent mesenchymal unit of the hair follicle , the dermal papilla , which regulates hair cycling throughout life a...	All mammal hair springs from hair follicles under the skin . These follicles sit in the dermis , beneath the outermost skin layer , the epidermis . In the embryo , hair follicles develop from unspecialized cells in two tissues , the epithelium and the mesenchyme , which will later develop into the dermis and epidermis ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "developmental", "biology", "cell", "biology" ]	2018	Hair follicle dermal condensation forms via Fgf20 primed cell cycle exit, cell motility, and aggregation
A common deleted region ( CDR ) in both myelodysplastic syndromes ( MDS ) and myeloproliferative neoplasms ( MPN ) affects the long arm of chromosome 20 and has been predicted to harbor a tumor suppressor gene . Here we show that MYBL2 , a gene within the 20q CDR , is expressed at sharply reduced levels in CD34+ cells ...	Blood cells are produced within bone marrow by specialized stem cells and progenitor cells . Abnormalities in this process lead to a group of diseases known as myeloid malignancies , which include acute myeloid leukaemia—in which the bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells—and myelodysplastic syndromes , which ...	[ "Abstract", "Introduction", "Results", "Discussion", "Materials", "and", "methods" ]	[ "chromosomes", "and", "gene", "expression", "cancer", "biology" ]	2013	MYBL2 is a sub-haploinsufficient tumor suppressor gene in myeloid malignancy

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