Instructions to use cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B with libraries, inference providers, notebooks, and local apps. Follow these links to get started.

Libraries

How to use cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B with Transformers:

# Use a pipeline as a high-level helper
from transformers import pipeline

pipe = pipeline("text-generation", model="cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B")
messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "Who are you?"},
]
pipe(messages)

# Load model directly
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM

tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B")
messages = [
    {"role": "user", "content": "Who are you?"},
]
inputs = tokenizer.apply_chat_template(
	messages,
	add_generation_prompt=True,
	tokenize=True,
	return_dict=True,
	return_tensors="pt",
).to(model.device)

outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=40)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0][inputs["input_ids"].shape[-1]:]))

Inference
Notebooks
Google Colab
Kaggle
Local Apps

vLLM

How to use cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B with vLLM:

Install from pip and serve model

# Install vLLM from pip:
pip install vllm
# Start the vLLM server:
vllm serve "cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B"
# Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API):
curl -X POST "http://localhost:8000/v1/chat/completions" \
	-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
	--data '{
		"model": "cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B",
		"messages": [
			{
				"role": "user",
				"content": "What is the capital of France?"
			}
		]
	}'

Use Docker

docker model run hf.co/cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B

SGLang

How to use cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B with SGLang:

Install from pip and serve model

# Install SGLang from pip:
pip install sglang
# Start the SGLang server:
python3 -m sglang.launch_server \
    --model-path "cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B" \
    --host 0.0.0.0 \
    --port 30000
# Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API):
curl -X POST "http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions" \
	-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
	--data '{
		"model": "cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B",
		"messages": [
			{
				"role": "user",
				"content": "What is the capital of France?"
			}
		]
	}'

Use Docker images

docker run --gpus all \
    --shm-size 32g \
    -p 30000:30000 \
    -v ~/.cache/huggingface:/root/.cache/huggingface \
    --env "HF_TOKEN=<secret>" \
    --ipc=host \
    lmsysorg/sglang:latest \
    python3 -m sglang.launch_server \
        --model-path "cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B" \
        --host 0.0.0.0 \
        --port 30000
# Call the server using curl (OpenAI-compatible API):
curl -X POST "http://localhost:30000/v1/chat/completions" \
	-H "Content-Type: application/json" \
	--data '{
		"model": "cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B",
		"messages": [
			{
				"role": "user",
				"content": "What is the capital of France?"
			}
		]
	}'

Docker Model Runner
How to use cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B with Docker Model Runner:
```
docker model run hf.co/cycloneboy/SLM-SQL-0.6B
```
Browse Quantizations to use this model in llama.cpp, Ollama, LM Studio, or any compatible app.

SLM-SQL: An Exploration of Small Language Models for Text-to-SQL

Important Links

📖Arxiv Paper | 🤗HuggingFace | 🤖ModelScope |

News

July 31, 2025: Upload model to modelscope and huggingface.
July 30, 2025: Publish the paper to arxiv

Introduction

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance in translating natural language questions into SQL queries (Text-to-SQL). In contrast, small language models (SLMs) ranging from 0.5B to 1.5B parameters currently underperform on Text-to-SQL tasks due to their limited logical reasoning capabilities. However, SLMs offer inherent advantages in inference speed and suitability for edge deployment. To explore their potential in Text-to-SQL applications, we leverage recent advancements in post-training techniques. Specifically, we used the open-source SynSQL-2.5M dataset to construct two derived datasets: SynSQL-Think-916K for SQL generation and SynSQL-Merge-Think-310K for SQL merge revision. We then applied supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning-based post-training to the SLM, followed by inference using a corrective self-consistency approach. Experimental results validate the effectiveness and generalizability of our method, SLM-SQL. On the BIRD development set, the five evaluated models achieved an average improvement of 31.4 points. Notably, the 0.5B model reached 56.87% execution accuracy (EX), while the 1.5B model achieved 67.08% EX. We will release our dataset, model, and code to github: https://github.com/CycloneBoy/slm_sql.

Framework

Main Results

Performance Comparison of different Text-to-SQL methods on BIRD dev and test dataset.

Model

Model	Base Model	Train Method	Modelscope	HuggingFace
SLM-SQL-Base-0.5B	Qwen2.5-Coder-0.5B-Instruct	SFT	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
SLM-SQL-0.5B	Qwen2.5-Coder-0.5B-Instruct	SFT + GRPO	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
CscSQL-Merge-Qwen2.5-Coder-0.5B-Instruct	Qwen2.5-Coder-0.5B-Instruct	SFT + GRPO	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
SLM-SQL-Base-1.5B	Qwen2.5-Coder-1.5B-Instruct	SFT	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
SLM-SQL-1.5B	Qwen2.5-Coder-1.5B-Instruct	SFT + GRPO	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
CscSQL-Merge-Qwen2.5-Coder-1.5B-Instruct	Qwen2.5-Coder-1.5B-Instruct	SFT + GRPO	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
SLM-SQL-Base-0.6B	Qwen3-0.6B	SFT	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
SLM-SQL-0.6B	Qwen3-0.6B	SFT + GRPO	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
SLM-SQL-Base-1.3B	deepseek-coder-1.3b-instruct	SFT	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
SLM-SQL-1.3B	deepseek-coder-1.3b-instruct	SFT + GRPO	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
SLM-SQL-Base-1B	Llama-3.2-1B-Instruct	SFT	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace

Dataset

Dataset	Modelscope	HuggingFace
SynsQL-Think-916k	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
SynsQL-Merge-Think-310k	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace
bird train and dev dataset	🤖 Modelscope	🤗 HuggingFace

TODO

Release inference code
Upload Model
Release training code
Fix bug
Update doc

Thanks to the following projects

Citation


@misc{sheng2025slmsqlexplorationsmalllanguage,
      title={SLM-SQL: An Exploration of Small Language Models for Text-to-SQL}, 
      author={Lei Sheng and Shuai-Shuai Xu},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2507.22478},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.22478}, 
}

@misc{sheng2025cscsqlcorrectiveselfconsistencytexttosql,
      title={CSC-SQL: Corrective Self-Consistency in Text-to-SQL via Reinforcement Learning}, 
      author={Lei Sheng and Shuai-Shuai Xu},
      year={2025},
      eprint={2505.13271},
      archivePrefix={arXiv},
      primaryClass={cs.CL},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.13271}, 
}