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This page serves two purposes: - Demonstrate how the Kubernetes documentation uses Markdown - Provide a "smoke test" document we can use to test HTML, CSS, and template changes that affect the overall documentation. ## Heading levels The above heading is an H2. The page title renders as an H1. The following sections sh... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/test.md | main | kubernetes | [
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block-level content - A bullet list item can contain a numbered list. 1. Numbered sub-list item 1 1. Numbered sub-list item 2 ### Numbered lists 1. This is a list item. 1. This is another list item in the same list. The number you use in Markdown does not necessarily correlate to the number in the final output. By conv... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/test.md | main | kubernetes | [
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(view the Markdown source for this page). ```none {{}}This is a warning.{{< /alert \*/>}} ``` ## Links To format a link, put the link text inside square brackets, followed by the link target in parentheses. - `[Link to Kubernetes.io](https://kubernetes.io/)` or - `[Relative link to Kubernetes.io](/)` You can also use H... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/test.md | main | kubernetes | [
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long that the text does not fit on a row. Bob-->Alice: Checking with John... Alice->John: Yes... John, how are you? {{}} You can check more [examples](https://mermaid-js.github.io/mermaid/#/examples) from the official docs. ## Sidebars and Admonitions Sidebars and admonitions provide ways to add visual importance to te... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/test.md | main | kubernetes | [
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The CRI is a plugin interface which enables the kubelet to use a wide variety of container runtimes, without having a need to recompile the cluster components. You need a working {{}} on each Node in your cluster, so that the {{< glossary\_tooltip text="kubelet" term\_id="kubelet" >}} can launch {{< glossary\_tooltip t... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/cri.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This page describes the resources available to Containers in the Container environment. ## Container environment The Kubernetes Container environment provides several important resources to Containers: \* A filesystem, which is a combination of an [image](/docs/concepts/containers/images/) and one or more [volumes](/do... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/container-environment.md | main | kubernetes | [
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A container image represents binary data that encapsulates an application and all its software dependencies. Container images are executable software bundles that can run standalone and that make very well-defined assumptions about their runtime environment. You typically create a container image of your application an... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/images.md | main | kubernetes | [
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image is pulled only if it is not already present locally. `Always` : every time the kubelet launches a container, the kubelet requests the {{< glossary\_tooltip text="container runtime" term\_id="container-runtime" >}} to pull the image. The container runtime contacts the registry, resolves the image tag or name to a ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/images.md | main | kubernetes | [
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changes. For example, if you create a Deployment with an image whose tag is \_not\_ `:latest`, and later update that Deployment's image to a `:latest` tag, the `imagePullPolicy` field will \_not\_ change to `Always`. You must manually change the pull policy of any object after its initial creation. {{< /note >}} #### R... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/images.md | main | kubernetes | [
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no limit on the maximum number of images being pulled at the same time. If you would like to limit the number of parallel image pulls, you can set the field `maxParallelImagePulls` in the kubelet configuration. With `maxParallelImagePulls` set to \_n\_, only \_n\_ images can be pulled at the same time, and any image pu... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/images.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Image from a Private Registry](/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/pull-image-private-registry) task. That example uses a private registry in Docker Hub. ### Kubelet credential provider for authenticated image pulls {#kubelet-credential-provider} You can configure the kubelet to invoke a plugin binary to dynamically fe... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/images.md | main | kubernetes | [
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>}} ### Ensure image pull credential verification {#ensureimagepullcredentialverification} {{< feature-state feature\_gate\_name="KubeletEnsureSecretPulledImages" >}} If the `KubeletEnsureSecretPulledImages` feature gate is enabled for your cluster, Kubernetes will validate image credentials for every image that requir... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/images.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< note >}} Pods can only reference image pull secrets in their own namespace, so this process needs to be done one time per namespace. {{< /note >}} #### Referring to `imagePullSecrets` on a Pod Now, you can create pods which reference that secret by adding the `imagePullSecrets` section to a Pod definition. Each ite... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/images.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{% heading "whatsnext" %}} \* Read the [OCI Image Manifest Specification](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/manifest.md). \* Learn about [container image garbage collection](/docs/concepts/architecture/garbage-collection/#container-image-garbage-collection). \* Learn more about [pulling an Image f... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/images.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.20" state="stable" >}} This page describes the RuntimeClass resource and runtime selection mechanism. RuntimeClass is a feature for selecting the container runtime configuration. The container runtime configuration is used to run a Pod's containers. ## Motivation You can set a di... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/runtime-class.md | main | kubernetes | [
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table](https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o/blob/master/docs/crio.conf.5.md#crioruntime-table): ``` [crio.runtime.runtimes.${HANDLER\_NAME}] runtime\_path = "${PATH\_TO\_BINARY}" ``` See CRI-O's [config documentation](https://github.com/cri-o/cri-o/blob/master/docs/crio.conf.5.md) for more details. ## Scheduling {{< feature-... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/runtime-class.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This page will discuss containers and container images, as well as their use in operations and solution development. The word \_container\_ is an overloaded term. Whenever you use the word, check whether your audience uses the same definition. Each container that you run is repeatable; the standardization from having d... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This page describes how kubelet managed Containers can use the Container lifecycle hook framework to run code triggered by events during their management lifecycle. ## Overview Analogous to many programming language frameworks that have component lifecycle hooks, such as Angular, Kubernetes provides Containers with lif... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/container-lifecycle-hooks.md | main | kubernetes | [
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its execution before the TERM signal can be sent. If a `PreStop` hook hangs during execution, the Pod's phase will be `Terminating` and remain there until the Pod is killed after its `terminationGracePeriodSeconds` expires. This grace period applies to the total time it takes for both the `PreStop` hook to execute and ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/containers/container-lifecycle-hooks.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Kubernetes is highly configurable and extensible. As a result, there is rarely a need to fork or submit patches to the Kubernetes project code. This guide describes the options for customizing a Kubernetes cluster. It is aimed at {{< glossary\_tooltip text="cluster operators" term\_id="cluster-operator" >}} who want to... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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the webhook call serves as a one-way notification to another system or component. In the Kubernetes ecosystem, even synchronous HTTP callouts are often described as “webhooks”. {{< /note >}} In the webhook model, Kubernetes makes a network request to a remote service. With the alternative \*binary Plugin\* model, Kuber... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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about Custom Resources, see the [Custom Resources](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/) concept guide. ### API aggregation layer You can use Kubernetes' [API Aggregation Layer](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/apiserver-aggregation/) to integrate the Kubernetes API with additi... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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since Kubernetes v1.23 (in favour of CSI). FlexVolume plugins allow users to mount volume types that aren't natively supported by Kubernetes. When you run a Pod that relies on FlexVolume storage, the kubelet calls a binary plugin to mount the volume. The archived [FlexVolume](https://git.k8s.io/design-proposals-archive... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Operators are software extensions to Kubernetes that make use of [custom resources](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/) to manage applications and their components. Operators follow Kubernetes principles, notably the [control loop](/docs/concepts/architecture/controller). ## Motivation The... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/operator.md | main | kubernetes | [
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and its associated Controller to your cluster. The Controller will normally run outside of the {{< glossary\_tooltip text="control plane" term\_id="control-plane" >}}, much as you would run any containerized application. For example, you can run the controller in your cluster as a Deployment. ## Using an operator {#usi... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/operator.md | main | kubernetes | [
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\*Custom resources\* are extensions of the Kubernetes API. This page discusses when to add a custom resource to your Kubernetes cluster and when to use a standalone service. It describes the two methods for adding custom resources and how to choose between them. ## Custom resources A \*resource\* is an endpoint in the ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources.md | main | kubernetes | [
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### Declarative APIs In a Declarative API, typically: - Your API consists of a relatively small number of relatively small objects (resources). - The objects define configuration of applications or infrastructure. - The objects are updated relatively infrequently. - Humans often need to read and write the objects. - Th... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources.md | main | kubernetes | [
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subordinate API servers that sit behind the primary API server, which acts as a proxy. This arrangement is called [API Aggregation](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/apiserver-aggregation/)(AA). To users, the Kubernetes API appears extended. CRDs allow users to create new types of resources without adding ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources.md | main | kubernetes | [
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| No ongoing support once the CRD is created. Any bug fixes are picked up as part of normal Kubernetes Master upgrades. | May need to periodically pickup bug fixes from upstream and rebuild and update the Aggregated API server. | | No need to handle multiple versions of your API; for example, when you control the clien... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources.md | main | kubernetes | [
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| Yes, based on the [OpenAPI v3.0 validation](/docs/tasks/extend-kubernetes/custom-resources/custom-resource-definitions/#validation) schema (GA in 1.16). | Yes | | Instance Name | Does this extension mechanism impose any constraints on the names of objects whose kind/resource is defined this way? | Yes, such an object... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources.md | main | kubernetes | [
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the new resources (except the cluster-admin role or any role created with wildcard rules). You'll need to explicitly grant access to the new resources. CRDs and Aggregated APIs often come bundled with new role definitions for the types they add. Aggregated API servers may or may not use the same authentication, authori... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources.md | main | kubernetes | [
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The aggregation layer allows Kubernetes to be extended with additional APIs, beyond what is offered by the core Kubernetes APIs. The additional APIs can either be ready-made solutions such as a [metrics server](https://github.com/kubernetes-sigs/metrics-server), or APIs that you develop yourself. The aggregation layer ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/apiserver-aggregation.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Custom resources are extensions of the Kubernetes API. Kubernetes provides two ways to add custom resources to your cluster: - The [CustomResourceDefinition](/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/custom-resources/) (CRD) mechanism allows you to declaratively define a new custom API with an API group, kind, and... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/api-extension/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This section covers extensions to your cluster that do not come as part as Kubernetes itself. You can use these extensions to enhance the nodes in your cluster, or to provide the network fabric that links Pods together. \* [CSI](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#csi) and [FlexVolume](/docs/concepts/storage/volumes/#flexv... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Kubernetes (version 1.3 through to the latest {{< skew latestVersion >}}, and likely onwards) lets you use [Container Network Interface](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni) (CNI) plugins for cluster networking. You must use a CNI plugin that is compatible with your cluster and that suits your needs. Different p... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/network-plugins.md | main | kubernetes | [
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`kubernetes.io/ingress-bandwidth` and `kubernetes.io/egress-bandwidth` annotations to your Pod. For example: ```yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: annotations: kubernetes.io/ingress-bandwidth: 1M kubernetes.io/egress-bandwidth: 1M ... ``` ## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}} - Learn more about [Cluster Networking](/docs... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/network-plugins.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.26" state="stable" >}} Kubernetes provides a device plugin framework that you can use to advertise system hardware resources to the {{< glossary\_tooltip term\_id="kubelet" >}}. Instead of customizing the code for Kubernetes itself, vendors can implement a device plugin that you ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/device-plugins.md | main | kubernetes | [
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available in the container rpc Allocate(AllocateRequest) returns (AllocateResponse) {} // GetPreferredAllocation returns a preferred set of devices to allocate // from a list of available ones. The resulting preferred allocation is not // guaranteed to be the allocation ultimately performed by the // devicemanager. It ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/device-plugins.md | main | kubernetes | [
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It is typical that code relying on the device will start failing and Pod may get into Failed phase if `restartPolicy` for the Pod was not `Always` or enter the crash loop otherwise. Before Kubernetes v1.31, the way to know whether or not a Pod is associated with the failed device is to use the [PodResources API](#monit... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/device-plugins.md | main | kubernetes | [
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service to enable discovery of in-use devices, and to provide metadata for these devices: ```gRPC // PodResourcesLister is a service provided by the kubelet that provides information about the // node resources consumed by pods and containers on the node service PodResourcesLister { rpc List(ListPodResourcesRequest) re... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/device-plugins.md | main | kubernetes | [
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If the goal is to evaluate free/unallocated resources it should be used in conjunction with the List() endpoint. The result obtained by `GetAllocatableResources` would remain the same unless the underlying resources exposed to kubelet change. This happens rarely but when it does (for example: hotplug/hotunplug, device ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/device-plugins.md | main | kubernetes | [
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part of the device registration, along with the device IDs and the health of the device. The device manager will then use this information to consult with the Topology Manager and make resource assignment decisions. `TopologyInfo` supports setting a `nodes` field to either `nil` or a list of NUMA nodes. This allows the... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/extend-kubernetes/compute-storage-net/device-plugins.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Kubernetes supports running nodes on either Linux or Windows. You can mix both kinds of node within a single cluster. This page provides an overview to networking specific to the Windows operating system. ## Container networking on Windows {#networking} Networking for Windows containers is exposed through [CNI plugins]... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/windows-networking.md | main | kubernetes | [
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[win-overlay](https://www.cni.dev/plugins/current/main/win-overlay/), [Flannel VXLAN](https://github.com/flannel-io/flannel/blob/master/Documentation/backends.md#vxlan) (uses win-overlay) | win-overlay should be used when virtual container networks are desired to be isolated from underlay of hosts (e.g. for security re... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/windows-networking.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Service: \* `NodePort` \* `ClusterIP` \* `LoadBalancer` \* `ExternalName` Windows container networking differs in some important ways from Linux networking. The [Microsoft documentation for Windows Container Networking](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/virtualization/windowscontainers/container-networking/architecture)... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/windows-networking.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.19" state="stable" >}} {{< glossary\_definition term\_id="ingress" length="all" >}} {{< note >}} The Kubernetes project recommends using [Gateway](https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/) instead of [Ingress](/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/). The Ingress API has been frozen.... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress.md | main | kubernetes | [
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the `ingressClassName` is omitted, a [default Ingress class](#default-ingress-class) should be defined. Some ingress controllers work even without the definition of a default IngressClass. Even if you use an ingress controller that is able to operate without any IngressClass, the Kubernetes project still recommends tha... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress.md | main | kubernetes | [
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A path element refers to the list of labels in the path split by the `/` separator. A request is a match for path \_p\_ if every \_p\_ is an element-wise prefix of \_p\_ of the request path. {{< note >}} If the last element of the path is a substring of the last element in request path, it is not a match (for example: ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< tabs name="tabs\_ingressclass\_parameter\_scope" >}} {{% tab name="Cluster" %}} The default scope for IngressClass parameters is cluster-wide. If you set the `.spec.parameters` field and don't set `.spec.parameters.scope`, or if you set `.spec.parameters.scope` to `Cluster`, then the IngressClass refers to a cluste... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress.md | main | kubernetes | [
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as default in your cluster. {{< /caution >}} Start by defining a default IngressClass. It is recommended though, to specify the default IngressClass: {{% code\_sample file="service/networking/default-ingressclass.yaml" %}} ## Types of Ingress ### Ingress backed by a single Service {#single-service-ingress} There are ex... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress.md | main | kubernetes | [
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controller supports SNI). The TLS secret must contain keys named `tls.crt` and `tls.key` that contain the certificate and private key to use for TLS. For example: ```yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Secret metadata: name: testsecret-tls namespace: default data: tls.crt: base64 encoded cert tls.key: base64 encoded key type: ku... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress.md | main | kubernetes | [
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details. ## Alternatives You can expose a Service in multiple ways that don't directly involve the Ingress resource: \* Use [Service.Type=LoadBalancer](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#loadbalancer) \* Use [Service.Type=NodePort](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#type-nodeport) ## {{% heading "what... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.23" state="beta" >}} {{< note >}} Prior to Kubernetes 1.27, this feature was known as \_Topology Aware Hints\_. {{}} \_Topology Aware Routing\_ adjusts routing behavior to prefer keeping traffic in the zone it originated from. In some cases this can help reduce costs or improve n... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/topology-aware-routing.md | main | kubernetes | [
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would result in some traffic being routed to other zones. ## Safeguards The Kubernetes control plane and the kube-proxy on each node apply some safeguard rules before using Topology Aware Hints. If these don't check out, the kube-proxy selects endpoints from anywhere in your cluster, regardless of the zone. 1. \*\*Insu... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/topology-aware-routing.md | main | kubernetes | [
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is deployed in many different ways, there is no single heuristic for allocating endpoints to zones will work for every use case. A key goal of this feature is to enable custom heuristics to be developed if the built in heuristic does not work for your use case. The first steps to enable custom heuristics were included ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/topology-aware-routing.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Make network services available by using an extensible, role-oriented, protocol-aware configuration mechanism. [Gateway API](https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/) is an {{}} containing API [kinds](https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/references/spec/) that provide dynamic infrastructure provisioning and advanced traffic routing... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/gateway.md | main | kubernetes | [
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name: example-gateway namespace: example-namespace spec: gatewayClassName: example-class listeners: - name: http protocol: HTTP port: 80 hostname: "www.example.com" allowedRoutes: namespaces: from: Same ``` In this example, an instance of traffic handling infrastructure is programmed to listen for HTTP traffic on port ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/gateway.md | main | kubernetes | [
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a Gateway and an HTTPRoute: {{< figure src="/docs/images/gateway-request-flow.svg" alt="A diagram that provides an example of HTTP traffic being routed to a Service by using a Gateway and an HTTPRoute" class="diagram-medium" >}} In this example, the request flow for a Gateway implemented as a reverse proxy is: 1. The c... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/gateway.md | main | kubernetes | [
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In Kubernetes, [Services](/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/) are an abstract way to expose an application running on a set of Pods. Services can have a cluster-scoped virtual IP address (using a Service of `type: ClusterIP`). Clients can connect using that virtual IP address, and Kubernetes then load-balances... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/cluster-ip-allocation.md | main | kubernetes | [
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10.96.0.0/20 "Static" : 256 "Dynamic" : 3838 {{< /mermaid >}} ### Example 3 {#allocation-example-3} This example uses the IP address range: 10.96.0.0/16 (CIDR notation) for the IP addresses of Services. Range Size: 216 - 2 = 65534 Band Offset: `min(max(16, 65536/16), 256)` = `min(4096, 256)` = 256 Static band start: 10... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/cluster-ip-allocation.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< note >}} The Kubernetes project recommends using [Gateway](https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/) instead of [Ingress](/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/). The Ingress API has been frozen. This means that: \* The Ingress API is generally available, and is subject to the [stability guarantees](/docs/reference/us... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress-controllers.md | main | kubernetes | [
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deploy any number of ingress controllers using [ingress class](/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/#ingress-class) within a cluster. Note the `.metadata.name` of your ingress class resource. When you create an ingress you would need that name to specify the `ingressClassName` field on your Ingress object (refer ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress-controllers.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< glossary\_definition term\_id="service" length="short" prepend="In Kubernetes, a Service is" >}} A key aim of Services in Kubernetes is that you don't need to modify your existing application to use an unfamiliar service discovery mechanism. You can run code in Pods, whether this is a code designed for a cloud-nati... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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>}} for matching EndpointSlices. Kubernetes updates the EndpointSlices for a Service whenever the set of Pods in a Service changes. For non-native applications, Kubernetes offers ways to place a network port or load balancer in between your application and the backend Pods. Either way, your workload can use these [serv... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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point your Service to a Service in a different {{< glossary\_tooltip term\_id="namespace" >}} or on another cluster. \* You are migrating a workload to Kubernetes. While evaluating the approach, you run only a portion of your backends in Kubernetes. In any of these scenarios you can define a Service \_without\_ specify... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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the [ExternalName](#externalname) section. ### EndpointSlices {{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.21" state="stable" >}} [EndpointSlices](/docs/concepts/services-networking/endpoint-slices/) are objects that represent a subset (a \_slice\_) of the backing network endpoints for a Service. Your Kubernetes cluster tra... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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glossary\_tooltip term\_id="name" text="names">}} in general, names for ports must only contain lowercase alphanumeric characters and `-`. Port names must also start and end with an alphanumeric character. For example, the names `123-abc` and `web` are valid, but `123\_abc` and `-web` are not. {{< /note >}} ## Service ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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(the same port number on every Node) into your Service. Your Service reports the allocated port in its `.spec.ports[\*].nodePort` field. Using a NodePort gives you the freedom to set up your own load balancing solution, to configure environments that are not fully supported by Kubernetes, or even to expose one or more ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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ranges that kube-proxy should consider as local to this node. For example, if you start kube-proxy with the `--nodeport-addresses=127.0.0.0/8` flag, kube-proxy only selects the loopback interface for NodePort Services. The default for `--nodeport-addresses` is an empty list. This means that kube-proxy should consider a... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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must have the same protocol, and the protocol must be one which is supported by the cloud provider. The feature gate `MixedProtocolLBService` (enabled by default for the kube-apiserver as of v1.24) allows the use of different protocols for LoadBalancer type of Services, when there is more than one port defined. {{< not... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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of the following annotations to your Service depending on the cloud service provider you're using: {{< tabs name="service\_tabs" >}} {{% tab name="Default" %}} Select one of the tabs. {{% /tab %}} {{% tab name="GCP" %}} ```yaml metadata: name: my-service annotations: networking.gke.io/load-balancer-type: "Internal" ```... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Service allows a client to connect to whichever Pod it prefers, directly. Services that are headless don't configure routes and packet forwarding using [virtual IP addresses and proxies](/docs/reference/networking/virtual-ips/); instead, headless Services report the endpoint IP addresses of the individual pods via inte... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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able to find the service by doing a name lookup for `my-service` (`my-service.my-ns` would also work). Pods in other namespaces must qualify the name as `my-service.my-ns`. These names will resolve to the cluster IP assigned for the Service. Kubernetes also supports DNS SRV (Service) records for named ports. If the `my... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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fit into Kubernetes: \* Follow the [Connecting Applications with Services](/docs/tutorials/services/connect-applications-service/) tutorial. \* Read about [Ingress](/docs/concepts/services-networking/ingress/), which exposes HTTP and HTTPS routes from outside the cluster to Services within your cluster. \* Read about [... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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## The Kubernetes network model The Kubernetes network model is built out of several pieces: \* Each [pod](/docs/concepts/workloads/pods/) in a cluster gets its own unique cluster-wide IP address. \* A pod has its own private network namespace which is shared by all of the containers within the pod. Processes running i... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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be present, but it will have no effect.) \* There are many [implementations of the Gateway API](https://gateway-api.sigs.k8s.io/implementations/), some of which are specific to particular cloud environments, some more focused on "bare metal" environments, and others more generic. ## {{% heading "whatsnext" %}} The [Con... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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If you want to control traffic flow at the IP address or port level for TCP, UDP, and SCTP protocols, then you might consider using Kubernetes NetworkPolicies for particular applications in your cluster. NetworkPolicies are an application-centric construct which allow you to specify how a {{< glossary\_tooltip text="po... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies.md | main | kubernetes | [
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the connections allowed in that direction from that pod is the union of what the applicable policies allow. Thus, order of evaluation does not affect the policy result. For a connection from a source pod to a destination pod to be allowed, both the egress policy on the source pod and the ingress policy on the destinati... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies.md | main | kubernetes | [
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selects particular namespaces for which all Pods should be allowed as ingress sources or egress destinations. \*\*namespaceSelector\*\* \*and\* \*\*podSelector\*\*: A single `to`/`from` entry that specifies both `namespaceSelector` and `podSelector` selects particular Pods within particular namespaces. Be careful to us... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies.md | main | kubernetes | [
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egress policy also blocks DNS traffic. If your workloads need DNS resolution, you must add a separate NetworkPolicy that allows egress to your cluster's DNS service. {{< /caution >}} ### Allow all egress traffic If you want to allow all connections from all pods in a namespace, you can create a policy that explicitly a... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies.md | main | kubernetes | [
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to directly specify the name of the namespaces in a NetworkPolicy. You must use a `namespaceSelector` with `matchLabels` or `matchExpressions` to select the namespaces based on their labels. {{< /note >}} ## Targeting a Namespace by its name The Kubernetes control plane sets an immutable label `kubernetes.io/metadata.n... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies.md | main | kubernetes | [
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to/from the node IP. (This is the most common implementation.) This applies when 1. a `hostNetwork` pod is selected by `spec.podSelector`. ```yaml ... spec: podSelector: matchLabels: role: client ... ``` 1. a `hostNetwork` pod is selected by a `podSelector` or `namespaceSelector` in an `ingress` or `egress` rule. ```ya... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/network-policies.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.23" state="stable" >}} IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking enables the allocation of both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to {{< glossary\_tooltip text="Pods" term\_id="pod" >}} and {{< glossary\_tooltip text="Services" term\_id="service" >}}. IPv4/IPv6 dual-stack networking is enabled by de... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/dual-stack.md | main | kubernetes | [
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an existing Service. {{< /note >}} You can set `.spec.ipFamilies` to any of the following array values: - `["IPv4"]` - `["IPv6"]` - `["IPv4","IPv6"]` (dual stack) - `["IPv6","IPv4"]` (dual stack) The first family you list is used for the legacy `.spec.clusterIP` field. ### Dual-stack Service configuration scenarios The... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/dual-stack.md | main | kubernetes | [
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selector: app.kubernetes.io/name: MyApp ``` #### Switching Services between single-stack and dual-stack Services can be changed from single-stack to dual-stack and from dual-stack to single-stack. 1. To change a Service from single-stack to dual-stack, change `.spec.ipFamilyPolicy` from `SingleStack` to `PreferDualStac... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/dual-stack.md | main | kubernetes | [
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Kubernetes creates DNS records for Services and Pods. You can contact Services with consistent DNS names instead of IP addresses. Kubernetes publishes information about Pods and Services which is used to program DNS. kubelet configures Pods' DNS so that running containers can look up Services by name rather than IP. Se... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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a Pod in the `cafe` namespace has the IP address 172.17.0.3, is an endpoint of a Service named `barista`, and the domain name for your cluster is `cluster.local`, then the Pod would have this service-scoped DNS `A` record. ``` 172-17-0-3.barista.cafe.svc.cluster.local ``` ### Pod's hostname and subdomain fields {#pod-h... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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the kernel (the `nodename` field of `struct utsname`) is limited to 64 characters. If a Pod enables this feature and its FQDN is longer than 64 character, it will fail to start. The Pod will remain in `Pending` status (`ContainerCreating` as seen by `kubectl`) generating error events, such as Failed to construct FQDN f... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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32 search domains. - `options`: an optional list of objects where each object may have a `name` property (required) and a `value` property (optional). The contents in this property will be merged to the options generated from the specified DNS policy. Duplicate entries are removed. The following is an example Pod with ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/dns-pod-service.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.26" state="stable" >}} \_Service Internal Traffic Policy\_ enables internal traffic restrictions to only route internal traffic to endpoints within the node the traffic originated from. The "internal" traffic here refers to traffic originated from Pods in the current cluster. Thi... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/service-traffic-policy.md | main | kubernetes | [
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{{< feature-state for\_k8s\_version="v1.21" state="stable" >}} {{< glossary\_definition term\_id="endpoint-slice" length="short" >}} ## EndpointSlice API {#endpointslice-resource} In Kubernetes, an EndpointSlice contains references to a set of network endpoints. The control plane automatically creates EndpointSlices fo... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/endpoint-slices.md | main | kubernetes | [
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can manage EndpointSlices without interfering with each other, Kubernetes defines the {{< glossary\_tooltip term\_id="label" text="label" >}} `endpointslice.kubernetes.io/managed-by`, which indicates the entity managing an EndpointSlice. The endpoint slice controller sets `endpointslice-controller.k8s.io` as the value ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/endpoint-slices.md | main | kubernetes | [
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user workloads that expect {{}} to route traffic based on Endpoints resources, the cluster's control plane mirrors most user-created Endpoints resources to corresponding EndpointSlices. (However, this feature, like the rest of the Endpoints API, is deprecated. Users who manually specify endpoints for selectorless Servi... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/services-networking/endpoint-slices.md | main | kubernetes | [
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The core of Kubernetes' {{< glossary\_tooltip text="control plane" term\_id="control-plane" >}} is the {{< glossary\_tooltip text="API server" term\_id="kube-apiserver" >}}. The API server exposes an HTTP API that lets end users, different parts of your cluster, and external components communicate with one another. The... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api.md | main | kubernetes | [
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root endpoints publishing discovery information for downstream documents. A list of all group versions supported by a cluster is published at the `/api` and `/apis` endpoints. Example: ``` { "kind": "APIGroupList", "apiVersion": "v1", "groups": [ { "name": "apiregistration.k8s.io", "versions": [ { "groupVersion": "apir... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api.md | main | kubernetes | [
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v2.0 and v3.0; there are no plans to support 3.1 in the near future. ### Protobuf serialization Kubernetes implements an alternative Protobuf based serialization format that is primarily intended for intra-cluster communication. For more information about this format, see the [Kubernetes Protobuf serialization](https:/... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api.md | main | kubernetes | [
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the API did change in incompatible ways that require deleting all existing alpha objects prior to upgrade. {{< /note >}} Refer to [API versions reference](/docs/reference/using-api/#api-versioning) for more details on the API version level definitions. ## API Extension The Kubernetes API can be extended in one of two w... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/overview/kubernetes-api.md | main | kubernetes | [
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This page is an overview of Kubernetes. The name Kubernetes originates from Greek, meaning helmsman or pilot. K8s as an abbreviation results from counting the eight letters between the "K" and the "s". Google open sourced the Kubernetes project in 2014. Kubernetes combines [over 15 years of Google's experience](/blog/2... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/overview/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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solutions. However, Kubernetes is not monolithic, and these default solutions are optional and pluggable. Kubernetes provides the building blocks for building developer platforms, but preserves user choice and flexibility where it is important. Kubernetes: \* Does not limit the types of applications supported. Kubernet... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/overview/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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system, on top of the virtualized hardware. \*\*Container deployment era:\*\* Containers are similar to VMs, but they have relaxed isolation properties to share the Operating System (OS) among the applications. Therefore, containers are considered lightweight. Similar to a VM, a container has its own filesystem, share ... | https://github.com/kubernetes/website/blob/main/content/en/docs/concepts/overview/_index.md | main | kubernetes | [
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